1、Designation: E2148 16 An American National StandardStandard Guide forUsing Documents Related to Metalworking or MetalRemoval Fluid Health and Safety1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2148; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers information on how to use documentsrelated to health and safety
3、 of metalworking and metal removalfluids. As such, this guide will provide the user with sufficientbackground information to effectively use the documents listedin Section 2. Documents referenced in this guide are groupedas applicable to producers, to users or to all.1.2 This standard does not purpo
4、rt to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D13
5、56 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD7049 Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol inWorkplace AtmospheresE1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE1497 Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil Metal
6、 Removal FluidsE1542 Terminology Relating to Occupational Health andSafetyE1687 Test Method for Determining Carcinogenic Potentialof Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking FluidsE1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in theWet Metal Removal EnvironmentE2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and An
7、alysis of En-dotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in WorkplaceAtmospheresE2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides forUse in Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE2523 Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and Opera-tionsE2563 Practice for Enumeration of Non-Tuberculosis Myco-bacteria in Aq
8、ueous Metalworking Fluids by Plate CountMethodE2564 Practice for Enumeration of Mycobacteria in Metal-working Fluids by Direct Microscopic Counting (DMC)MethodE2657 Practice for Determination of Endotoxin Concentra-tions in Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE2693 Practice for Prevention of Dermatiti
9、s in the WetMetal Removal Fluid EnvironmentE2694 Test Method for Measurement of Adenosine Triphos-phate in Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE2889 Practice for Control of Respiratory Hazards in theMetal Removal Fluid Environment2.2 Other Documents:Management of the Metal Removal Fluid Environment: A
10、Guide to Safe and Efficient Use of Metal Removal Fluids3Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Expo-sure to Metalworking Fluids4Metalworking Fluids: Safety and Health Best PracticesManual53. Terminology3.1 For definitions and terms relating to this practice, referto Terminologies D1356, E
11、1542, and E2523.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 endotoxin, npyrogenic high molar mass lipopolysac-charide (LPS) complex associated with the cell wall ofgram-negative bacteria.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThough endotoxins are pyrogens, not1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM C
12、ommittee E34 on OccupationalHealth and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E34.50 on Healthand Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2016. Published October 2016. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E2148 - 11
13、b. DOI:10.1520/E2148-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Organization Resource
14、s Counselors, Inc., 1910 SunderlandPlace, NW, Washington DC 20036 or at http:/www.orc-4Available from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public HealthService, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occu-pational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226.5Availabl
15、e from US Occupational Health and Safety Administration, 200Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20210 or at http:/www.osha.gov/SLTC/metalworkingfluids/metalworkingfluids_manual.htmlCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThi
16、s international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (T
17、BT) Committee.1all pyrogens are endotoxins. Endotoxins are specifically de-tected through a Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) test.3.2.2 metal removal fluids, nthe subset of metalworkingfluids that are used for wet machining or grinding to producethe finished part.3.2.2.1 DiscussionMetal removal fluid
18、s addressed by thispractice include straight or neat oils, not intended for furtherdilution with water, and water-miscible soluble oils,semisynthetics, and synthetics, which are intended to be dilutedwith water before use. Metal removal fluids become contami-nated during use in the workplace with a
19、variety of workplacesubstances including, but not limited to, abrasive particles,tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal fines and shavings, dissolvedmetal and hard water salts, bacteria, fungi, microbiologicaldecay products, and waste. These contaminants can causechanges in the lubricity and cooling abil
20、ity of the metalremoval fluid as well as have the potential to adversely affectthe health and welfare of employees in contact with thecontaminated metal removal fluid.3.2.3 mutagenicity index, nthe slope of the dose responsecurve for mutagenicity in the modified Ames test described inTest Method E16
21、87.4. Significance and Use4.1 Application of this guide will provide users with infor-mation on how to use the various documents listed in Section2 related to health and safety of metalworking and metalremoval fluids.4.2 Users of the documents listed in Section 2 may fall intoseveral categories, suc
22、h as producers of metalworking or metalremoval fluids, suppliers of raw materials to those producers,users of metalworking or metal removal fluids, and otherinterested parties, such as non governmental organizations.4.3 While all parties may wish to be generally familiar withall the documents listed
23、 in Section 2, producers and users mayeach want to focus on certain documents which are directlyapplicable to them:4.4 Documents Applicable to Producers:4.4.1 E1687 Test Method for Determining CarcinogenicPotential of Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking Fluids4.4.1.1 Test Method E1687 covers a microbio
24、logical testprocedure based upon the Salmonella mutagenesis assay ofAmes et. al6(see also Maron et al).7It can be used as ascreening technique to detect the presence of potential dermalcarcinogens in virgin base oils used in the formulation ofmetalworking oils. Persons who use this test should be we
25、ll-versed in the conduct of the Ames test and conversant with thephysical and chemical properties of petroleum products.4.4.1.2 Producers of metalworking fluids and metal removalfluids should assure themselves that virgin base oils used in theformulation of neat metalworking and metal removal oils a
26、ndsoluble and semi-synthetic metal removal fluids have anacceptable mutagenicity index or mutagenic potency index.4.4.2 E1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing ofWater-Miscible Metal Removal Fluids4.4.2.1 Guide E1302 defines acute animal toxicity tests andsets forth references for procedures t
27、o assess the acute toxicityof water-miscible metal removal fluids as manufactured.4.4.2.2 Application of Guide E1302 will provide informa-tion on the acute toxicity of water-miscible metal removalfluids and will assist the user in evaluating the potential healthhazards of the fluid and developing ap
28、propriate work practices.4.5 Documents Applicable to Users:4.5.1 E1497 Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal Fluids4.5.1.1 Practice E1497 sets forth guidelines for the safe useof metal removal fluids, additives and biocides. This includesproduct selecti
29、on, storage, dispensing, and maintenance.4.5.1.2 Water-miscible metal removal fluids are typicallyused at high dilution and dilution rates vary widely.Additionally, there is potential for exposure to undiluted metalremoval fluid as manufactured, as well as metal removal fluidadditives and biocides.4
30、.5.1.3 Straight oils generally consist of a severely solvent-refined or hydro-treated petroleum oil, a synthetic oil, or otheroils of animal or vegetable origin. Straight oils are not intendedto be diluted with water prior to use. Additives are oftenincluded in straight oil formulations.4.5.2 E1972
31、Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols inthe Wet Metal Removal Environment4.5.2.1 Practice E1972 sets forth guidelines for minimizingeffects of aerosols in the wet metal removal environment.4.5.2.2 Practice E1972 incorporates all practical means andmechanisms to minimize aerosol generation and
32、to controleffects of aerosols in the wet metal removal environment.4.5.3 D7049 Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosolin Workplace Atmospheres4.5.3.1 Test Method D7049 covers a procedure for thedetermination of both total collected particulate matter andextractable mass metal removal fluid aeros
33、ol concentrations ina range from 0.05 mg/m3to 5 mg/m3in workplace atmo-spheres.4.5.3.2 Test Method D7049 describes a standardized meansof collecting worker exposure information that can be com-pared to existing exposure databases, using a test method thatis also more specific to metal removal fluids
34、.4.5.4 E2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis ofEndotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in Workplace At-mospheres4.5.4.1 Practice E2144 covers quantitative methods for thepersonal sampling and determination of bacterial endotoxinconcentrations in polydisperse metal removal fluid aerosols
35、 inworkplace atmospheres. Users should have fundamentalknowledge of microbiological techniques and endotoxin test-ing.4.5.4.2 Endotoxins in metal removal fluid aerosols presentpotential respiratory hazards to workers who inhale them.4.5.4.3 Users of Practice E2144 may obtain personal expo-sure data
36、of endotoxin in metal removal fluid aerosols, eitheron a short-term or full-shift basis in workplace atmospheres.6Ames, B.N. et al., Mutation Research, Vol. 31, 1975, pp. 347-363.7Maron, D. et al, Mutation Research, Vol. 113, 1983, pp. 173-215.E2148 1624.5.4.4 Practice E2144 gives an estimate of the
37、 endotoxinconcentration of the sampled atmosphere.4.5.4.5 Practice E2144 seeks to minimize interlaboratoryvariation, but does not ensure uniformity of results.4.5.4.6 It is anticipated that Practice E2144 will facilitateinterlaboratory comparisons of airborne endotoxin data frommetalworking fluid at
38、mospheres, particularly metal removalfluid atmospheres, by providing a basis for endotoxinsampling, extraction, and analytical methods.4.5.5 E2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticidesfor Use in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids4.5.5.1 Practice E2169 provides recommendations for se-lectin
39、g antimicrobial pesticides (microbiocides) for use inwater-miscible metalworking fluids (MWF). It presents infor-mation regarding regulatory requirements, as well as technicalfactors including target microbes, efficacy and chemical com-patibility.4.5.5.2 Practice E2169 is not an encyclopedic compila
40、tionof all the concepts and terminology uses by chemists,microbiologits, toxicologists, formulators, plant engineers andregulatory affairs specialists involved in antimicrobial pesticideselection and application. Instead, it provides a general under-standing of the selection process and its supporti
41、ng consider-ations.4.5.6 E2657 Practice for Determination of Endotoxin Con-centration in Water Miscible Metalworking Fluids4.5.6.1 Practice E2657 covers quantitative methods for thesampling and determination of Gram-negative bacterial endo-toxin concentrations in water miscible metalworking fluids(M
42、WF).4.5.6.2 Users of Practice E2657 should be familiar with thehandling of MWF.4.5.6.3 Practice E2657 gives an estimate of the endotoxinconcentration of the sampled MWF.(1) Used on site, Practice E2657 gives an indication ofchanges in Gram-negative bacterial contamination in theMWF.(2) Practice E265
43、7 does not replace Practice E2144.4.5.6.4 Practice E2657 seeks to minimize inter-laboratoryvariation but does not ensure uniformity of results.4.5.6.5 Practice E2657 is intended to relate endotoxin con-centration in MWF to health effects of inhaled endotoxin.4.5.7 E2563 Test Method for Enumeration o
44、f Non-Tuberculosis Mycobacteria in Aqueous Metalworking Fluidsby Plate Count Method4.5.7.1 Test Method E2563 covers the detection and enu-meration of viable and culturable rapidly growing Mycobacte-ria (RGM), or non-tuberculosis Mycobacteria (NTM) in aque-ous metalworking fluids (MWF) in the presenc
45、e of highnon-mycobacterial background population using standard mi-crobiological culture methods.4.5.7.2 NTM such as Mycobacterium immunogenum havebeen implicated as causative agents of the respiratory disease,extrinsic allergic aveolitis (also known as hypersensitivitypneumonitis; HP).4.5.7.3 The m
46、easurement of viable and culturable mycobac-terial densities combined with the total mycobacterial counts(including viable culturable (VC), viable-non culturable(VNC) and non viable (NV) counts) is usually the first step inestablishing any possible relationship between Mycobacteriaand occupational h
47、ealth concerns (for example, HP).4.5.7.4 Test Method E2563 can be employed in surveystudies to characterize the viable-culturable mycobacterialpopulation densities of metal working fluid field samples.4.5.7.5 Test Method E2563 is also applicable for establish-ing the mycobacterial resistance of meta
48、lworking fluid formu-lations by determining mycobacterium survival by means ofplate count technique.4.5.7.6 Test Method E2563 can be used to evaluate therelative efficacy of microbicides against Mycobacteria inmetalworking fluids.4.5.8 E2564 Test Method for Enumeration of Mycobacteriain Metalworking
49、 fluids by Direct Microscopic Counting (DMC)Method4.5.8.1 Test Method E2564 describes a direct microscopiccounting method (DMC) for the enumeration of the acid faststained mycobacteria population in metalworking fluids. It canbe used to detect levels of total mycobacteria population,including culturable as well as non-culturable (possibly dead ormoribund ) bacterial cells. This test method is recommendedfor all water-based metalworking fluids.4.5.8.2 As noted in 4.5.7.1, non-tuberculosis mycobacteriaare common members of the indigenous MWF bacterialpopulation that have be
