1、Designation: E2708 17 An American National StandardStandard Terminology forAccreditation and Certification1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2708; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology defines terms related to accreditationand certification. These terms are compiled from existingASTM E36 st
3、andards and other sources to enable the devel-opment of futureASTM documents and to provide guidance onproper usage of the terms. The first edition of this standardcontained terms relating to personnel certificate and certifica-tion programs and is expanded. The source document for eachdefinition is
4、 cited when an appropriate document is available.Many definitions are the product of the committee that com-piled this terminology, and as such, are the result of thecollected knowledge and experience of the committee mem-bers.1.1.1 Since accreditation and certification are being carriedout by many
5、different bodies in many fields, usage of descrip-tive terms can vary. There is no attempt to include allaccreditation and certification terms in this terminology.Rather, this terminology contains those terms most commonlyencountered in accreditation and certification programs.2. Referenced Document
6、s2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4538 Terminology Relating to Protective Coating andLining Work for Power Generation FacilitiesE1187 Terminology Relating to Conformity Assessment(Withdrawn 2006)3E1424 Test Method for Determining the Rate ofAir LeakageThrough Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and DoorsUnder Spec
7、ified Pressure and Temperature DifferencesAcross the SpecimenE1605 Terminology Relating to Lead in BuildingsE1732 Terminology Relating to Forensic ScienceE1986 Guide for Information Access Privileges to HealthInformationE2135 Terminology for Property and Asset ManagementE2159 Guide for Selection, As
8、signment, and Monitoring ofPersons To Be Utilized asAssessors/Auditors or TechnicalExpertsE2161 Terminology Relating to Performance Validation inThermal Analysis and RheologyE2659 Practice for Certificate Programs2.2 Other Standards:ASAE Certification and Accreditation Law Handbook, Sec-ond Edition,
9、 20044ICE Basic Guide to Credentialing Terminology, 20065ISO 9000 Quality Management SystemsFundamentalsand Vocabulary, 20006ISO/IEC 17000 Conformity AssessmentVocabulary andGeneral Principles, 20046ISO/IEC 17011 Conformity AssessmentGeneral Require-ments for Accreditation Bodies Accrediting Conform
10、ityAssessment Bodies, 20046ISO/IEC 17024 Conformity AssessmentGeneral Require-ments for Bodies Operating Certification of Persons,20036ISO/IEC 17050-1 Conformity AssessmentSuppliers Dec-laration of ConformityPart 1: General Requirements,200463. Definitionsaccess/access to a system or scheme, nopport
11、unity for anapplicant to obtain conformity assessment under the rules ofthe system or scheme. ISO/IEC 17000accommodation, nin the context of personnel credentialing,a reasonable modification in an assessment instrument or itsadministration made to compensate for the effects of aqualified disability
12、without altering the purpose of theassessment instrument. ICE1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E36 onAccreditation judg-ing whether an individual or entity has met and continues tomeet regulatory requirements; and recognizing the indi-vidual (certificant or license holder
13、) or body (certification orlicensure) as doing so.candidate, nin the context of personnel credentialing, anapplicant who has fulfilled specified prerequisites, establish-ing eligibility to participate in the credentialing process.ISO/IEC 17024certificant, nin the context of personnel credentialing,
14、anindividual who has earned a credential awarded through acertification program. ICEcertificate, na document (letter, card, or other medium)awarded to certificate holders that designates the successfulcompletion of a credentialing programs requisites. E2659E2708 172certificate holder, nin the contex
15、t of personnelcredentialing, an individual who has been issued a certificateafter successfully completing a credentialing programsrequisites. E2659certificate of attendance/certificate of participation, nadocument issued after an individual attends or participates ina particular meeting or course. I
16、CEDISCUSSIONTypically, there is no knowledge assessed prior toissuing this type of document. A certificate of attendance or participa-tion is not a credential, because the recipients are not required todemonstrate competence through assessment or meet agreed uponprofessional or trade standards.certi
17、ficate program, na nondegree-granting education ortraining program consisting of (1) a learning event or seriesof events designed to educate or train individuals to achievespecified learning outcomes within a defined scope, and (2)a system designed to ensure individuals receive a certificateonly aft
18、er verification of successful completion of all pro-gram requisites, including but not limited to an evaluation oflearner attainment of intended learning outcomes. E2659certification, nprocedure and action by a duly authorizedbody of determining, verifying, and attesting in writing tothe qualificati
19、ons of individuals, processes, procedures, oritems in accordance with applicable requirements. E1424professional certification, nin the context of personnelcredentialing, procedure and action by a duly authorized bodyof determining, verifying, and attesting in writing to thequalifications of individ
20、uals in a profession, in accordance withapplicable requirements associated with that profession.certification agency, nthe organizational or administrativeunit that offers or operates, or both, a certification program.ICEcertification board, na group of individuals appointed orelected to govern one
21、or more certification programs, as wellas the certification agency, and responsible for all certifica-tion decision making, including governance. ICEcertification body/entity, na body that conducts certifica-tions of conformity. E1187certification mark, nthe symbol and use thereof which hasbeen auth
22、orized by a certification body.certification process, nin the context of personnelcredentialing, all activities by which a certification bodyestablishes that an individual fulfills specified requirements,including application, evaluation, decision on certification,surveillance, and recertification.I
23、SO/IEC 17024certification program, nthe standards, policies, procedures,assessment instruments, and related products and activitiesthrough which individuals are publicly identified as qualifiedin a profession, occupation, role, or skill. ICEcommittee/certification committee, na group of individualsa
24、ppointed or elected to recommend and implement policyrelated to certification program operations. ICEcompetence, nin the context of personnel credentialing,demonstrated ability to apply knowledge and/or skills and,where relevant, demonstrated personal plaint, nexpression of dissatisfaction, other th
25、an appeal,by any person or organization to a conformity assessmentbody or accreditation body, relating to the activities of thatbody, where a response is expected. ISO/IEC 17000computer-based testing (CBT), nuse of computers to de-liver assessments, and sometimes the scoring and reportingof these as
26、sessments.conflict of interest, na conflict between the private interestsand the official or professional responsibilities of an indi-vidual in a position of influence and trust.confidentiality, nthe property that information is not madeavailable or disclosed to unauthorized individuals, entities,or
27、 processes. E1986conformity assessment, ndemonstration that specified re-quirements relating to a product, process, system, person, orbody are fulfilled. ISO/IEC 17000DISCUSSIONThe subject field of conformity assessment includesactivities defined elsewhere such as testing, inspection and certificati
28、on,as well as the accreditation of conformity assessment bodies.DISCUSSIONThe expression object of conformity assessment orobject is used to encompass any particular material, product,installation, process, system, person or body to which conformityassessment is applied. A service is covered by the
29、definition of aproduct.third-party conformity assessment, nfor purposes of thecertification of persons, a conformity assessment activity that isperformed by a person or body independent of the person ororganization being assessed. ISO/IEC 17000conformity assessment body, nentity that performs confor
30、-mity assessment services such as testing, calibration,inspection, and certification.DISCUSSIONFor the purpose of this document, conformity assess-ment bodies are laboratories, inspection bodies, certification bodies,proficiency testing providers and reference materials producers. Anaccreditation bo
31、dy is not considered a conformity assessment bodysince they accredit conformity assessment bodies.conformity assessment system, nrules, procedures andmanagement for carrying out conformity assessment.ISO/IEC 17000DISCUSSIONConformity assessment systems may be operated atinternational, regional, nati
32、onal or sub-national level.conformity surveillance, nevaluation of conformity to de-termine the continuing conformity with specifiedrequirements. E1187consensus, ngeneral agreement or accord on a matter that allcan support; a majority of opinion, but not necessarilyunanimity.consensus process, na fo
33、rmal procedure for reaching gen-eral agreement or accord, which includes the elements of dueprocess.E2708 173constructed-response question, n in the context of person-nel credentialing, a type of test item in which the candidateproduces the answer (for example, an essay or a fill in theblank) rather
34、 than selecting from multiple-choice options.consultancy, nparticipation in any of the activities of aconformity assessment body (CAB) subject to accreditation.ISO/IEC 17011DISCUSSIONExamples include:(1) Preparing or producing manuals or procedures for aCAB;(2) Participating in the operation or mana
35、gement of thesystem of a CAB;(3) Giving specific advice or specific training towards thedevelopment and implementation of the management system orcompetence of a CAB, or both; and(4) Giving specific advice or specific training for thedevelopment and implementation of the operational proceduresof a C
36、AB.content domains, nin the context of personnel credentialing,the set of organized categories characterizing subject matterunder which knowledge and skills may be represented inspecifications for assessment instruments. ICEcontinuing competence, nthe ability to provide service atspecified levels of
37、 knowledge and skill, not only at the timeof initial certification/licensure but throughout an individu-als professional career. ICEcontinuing education, nin the context of personnelcredentialing, activities, often short courses, that certified orlicensed professionals engage in to receive credit fo
38、r thepurpose of maintaining continuing competence and renew-ing certification or licensure. ICEcredentialing, nthe process by which an entity authorizedand qualified to do so, grants formal recognition to, orrecords the recognition status of individuals, organizations,institutions, programs, process
39、es, services, or products thatmeet predetermined and standardized criteria. ASAEcredentialing (licensing) authority, nan entity authorizedand qualified to do so, that grants formal recognition to, orrecords the recognition status of individuals, organizations,institutions, programs, processes, servi
40、ces, or products thatmeet predetermined and standardized criteria. ASAEcredentialing process, na method for maintaining qualitystandards of knowledge and performance, and in some cases,for stimulating continued self-improvement. ICEcriterion-referenced standard, na pass-fail standard deter-mined by
41、characteristics of the test (for example, thedifficulty) rather than characteristics of the candidates (forexample, the ability).decertify/decertification, nto withdraw certification from anindividual.designation, nthe title or trademarked label applied to theachievement of a credential. ISO/IEC 170
42、00discipline/disciplinary action, nin the context of personnelcredentialing, a formal, published process for the enforce-ment of standards governing the professional behavior (thatis, ethics, standards of practice) of certificants or licensees.ICEdocument(1) v, to confirm (usually in writing) that a
43、document is genuine;(2) v, to bear witness that someone actually signed adocument, such as a will;(3) n, documentation as evidence such as policies andprocedures, test reports, etc.due process, na fundamental principle of fairness in all legalmatters, both civil and criminal, especially in the court
44、s.DISCUSSIONIn certification, all procedures set by the certificationbody must be followed for each individual so that no prejudicial orunequal treatment results.eligibility criteria, nin the context of personnelcredentialing, published criteria or prerequisites, oftenbenchmarks for education, train
45、ing and experience, withwhich applicants must demonstrate compliance in order toqualify for certification or licensure. ICEeligibility requirements, nthe documents that support andshow compliance with eligibility criteria.endorsement, nthe act of pledging or committing support toa program, proposal,
46、 or candidate.equating, nin the context of personnel credentialing, astatistical process for determining comparability of scoresacross test forms in a given credentialing program.equivalence/equivalence of conformity assessment results,nsufficiency of different conformity assessment results toprovid
47、e the same level of assurance of conformity withregard to the same specified requirements. ISO/IEC 17000essential element, nin the context of personnelcredentialing, a statement that is directly related to a stan-dard and specifies what a credentialing program must do tofulfill the requirement of th
48、e standard. ICEexamination/test, na mechanism(s) that is part of theevaluation, which measures a candidates knowledge or skillusing one or more means, such as written, oral, practical, andobservational. E1187essay, nan examination that requires a relatively lengthy,written response to the presentati
49、on of the writers topic.multiple choice examination/test, nan assessment ofknowledge in which candidates select the correct responsefrom among several choices or alternatives.performance examination/test, nan examination approachwherein candidates must interact with real or simulated sys-tems.DISCUSSIONPerformance examinations/tests can be portfolios, ondemand tasks that may be essays or experiments in response to aprompt or a problem, long term projects, demonstrations of work,observations, etc.pract
