1、Designation: E2748 12a (Reapproved 2017) An American National StandardStandard Guide forFire-Resistance Experiments1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2748; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis guide provides a means for ensuring comparability of findings among different researchersconducting fire-resi
3、stance experiments employing innovative and creative variations to standard testmethods. This guide is intended to bring uniformity and consistency to tests and reports coveringfire-resistance research that is generally conducted as a variation of Test Methods E119. Its provisionsare voluntary and u
4、sers are free to pick and choose from the provisions herein provided. Theoverriding goal is to make it possible to begin to provide data that ultimately can be used in fire safetyengineering and fire-resistance modeling as those fields evolve. When the purpose of the research isto study the effect o
5、f changing specific individual variables on the outcome of Test Methods E119fire-resistance tests, sound research practices dictate that only one variable should be changed at atime.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the conduct of fire-resistance testsusing conditions different than those addressed in T
6、est MethodsE119. This guide also addresses the reporting of data derivedfrom those tests.1.2 This guide does not provide or generate fire-resistanceratings suitable for determining compliance with code orregulatory requirements comparable to those resulting fromtests conducted in accordance with Tes
7、t Methods E119.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This guide is used to measure and describe the responseof materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself inc
8、orporate allfactors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to
9、 establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Constructionand MaterialsE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE603 Guide for Room Fire Expe
10、rimentsE1529 Test Methods for Determining Effects of Large Hy-drocarbon Pool Fires on Structural Members and Assem-blies2.2 Other Standards:ISO 834-1 Fire Resistance Tests Elements of BuildingConstruction Part 1: General Requirements3NFPA 251 Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Resistance ofBuilding C
11、onstruction and Materials43. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer toTerminology E176.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standardsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.11 on Fire Resistance.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 20
12、17. Published February 2017. Originallyapproved in 2010 as E274810. Last previous edition approved in 2012 asE274812a. DOI: 10.1520/E2748-12AR17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards
13、volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from International Organization for Standardization, P.O. Box 56,CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.4Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http
14、:/www.nfpa.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevel
15、opment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.14. Significance and Use4.1 The methods and procedures set forth in this guide relateto the conduct and reporting of fire-resistance tests obtainedfrom par
16、ticular fire-resistance tested specimens tested usingconditions different than those addressed by Test MethodsE119.4.2 Data derived from fire tests conducted and reportedunder this guide are useful for general fire research and aspotential input data for use in fire models.4.3 It is necessary that u
17、sers of this guide have knowledgeand understanding of the provisions of Test Methods E119,including those pertaining to conditions of acceptance in orderto understand how the alternative test conditions relate to thosespecified in Test Methods E119.4.4 Users of this guide should be aware that tests
18、conductedusing exposure conditions different than those specified in TestMethods E119 do not provide or generate fire resistance ratingssuitable for determining compliance with code or regulatoryrequirements.4.4.1 In Test Methods E119, standard test specimens aresubjected to specific exposure condit
19、ions. Substitution ofdifferent exposure conditions can change the measured fire-test-response characteristics of a test specimen. Therefore, thedata are valid for only the alternative exposure conditions used.5. General Principles5.1 Except as specifically modified herein, fire-resistancetests shoul
20、d be conducted using the test furnaces, exposureconditions, test specimens, instrumentation, and acceptancecriteria set forth in Test Methods E119.5.2 Although it is possible to vary many variables at onetime, and it may be desirable to do so when evaluating theresponse of a specimen to specific des
21、ign fire conditions, it isusually desirable to vary only one parameter at a time whencomparing results from two or more tests or when evaluatingthe effect on fire resistance of changing a specific variable.5.3 LimitationsThe test data is valid for only the specimenand parameters used in the test.6.
22、Alternative Time-Temperature Curves6.1 The provisions in this section are applicable to the use ofalternative time-temperature curves that are different from thetime-temperature curve specified in Test Methods E119.6.1.1 When the time-temperature curve specified in TestMethods E119 is used, it shoul
23、d be so stated in the report.NOTE 1There are a number of recognized time-temperature curves inuse in fire-resistance test standards around the world.6.2 When a recognized or published time-temperature curveis used, the reference in which the curve is described should becited and the time-temperature
24、 curve should be reported.6.3 Fire safety engineering and computer modeling aremethods whereby non-standard time-temperature curves can bederived to represent specific design conditions.6.3.1 When these design fires are used as the basis of atime-temperature curve, a table or equation representing t
25、hecurve should be reported.7. Alternative Pressure Differentials7.1 The provisions in this section are applicable to the use ofspecific furnace pressure differentials.NOTE 2There are a number of recognized or published furnacepressure differentials in use in fire test standards around the world.7.2
26、When a recognized or published furnace pressure dif-ferential is used, the reference in which the pressure differentialis described should be cited and the pressures should bereported.7.3 When other pressure differentials are used for explor-atory research or to replicate actual fire conditions, or
27、for anyother reason, they should be described and should be reported.7.4 Furnace pressure differentials should be measured asdescribed in NFPA 251.8. Alternative Test Specimens8.1 The provisions in this section are applicable to the use ofalternative test specimens that are different from the testsp
28、ecimens specified in Test Methods E119.8.2 Test specimen dimensions, that is, height and width forwalls, length and width for horizontal specimens, or lengths forcolumns or beams, should be reported and the method used tomodify the furnace opening to accommodate the specimen sizeshould be reported.8
29、.3 When test specimens having exposed and unexposedsurfaces that are not parallel to each other or that are not flat(planar) are tested, their maximum and minimum thicknesses,and radii, if curved, should be reported.8.4 When test specimens having one or more designedprotrusions or indentations (pila
30、sters, alcoves, etc.) either onthe fire side, the unexposed side, or both, are tested, the size,shape, location, and dimensions of each protrusion or indenta-tion should be described and reported.8.5 When test specimens exceeding the depth of the speci-men mounting frame are tested, the method(s) of
31、 protecting theportion of the test specimen extending beyond the frame shouldbe described and reported.9. Alternative Instrumentation Furnace Environment9.1 When alternative instrumentation is used in addition tothe standard instrumentation specified in Test Methods E119,the alternative instrumentat
32、ion should be spaced and mountedso as to not interfere with the standard instrumentation.9.2 Furnace Temperature Measurement:9.2.1 When the furnace control temperature measurementmethod (that is, shielded thermocouples) specified in TestMethods E119 is used it should be so stated in the report.9.2.2
33、 When Directional Flame Thermometers or plate ther-mometers are used they should be spaced as described in9.2.2.1 through 9.2.2.2.NOTE 3Directional Flame Thermometers are described in Test Meth-ods E1529. Specifications for plate thermometers are provided in ISO834-1.9.2.2.1 There should be nine pla
34、te thermometers equallydistributed across the test specimen surface.E2748 12a (2017)29.2.2.2 Directional Flame Thermometers and Plate ther-mometers should be located 4 6 0.2 in. (100 6 5 mm) from theexposed surface of the test specimen at the beginning of thetest.9.2.3 Other methods, sensors, or mea
35、surement devices formonitoring the furnace temperature should be described andreported.9.2.4 Any special mounting methods used for plate ther-mometers or other temperature measuring devices should bedescribed and reported.9.2.5 The locations of furnace temperature measuring de-vices should be report
36、ed.9.3 Heat Flux Measurement:9.3.1 When heat flux measurements are taken in addition tofurnace temperature control measurements, the methods,instrumentation, and heat flux profile should be described andreported.9.3.1.1 Any special mounting methods should be describedand reported.9.3.2 The locations
37、 of heat flux measurement devicesshould be reported.9.4 Pressure Measurement:9.4.1 When furnace pressures are measured or controlled,the methods, instrumentation, and pressure differentials shouldbe reported.9.4.2 Furnace pressure should be measured using the tubesensor described in ISO 834-1 and NF
38、PA 251.9.4.2.1 In a vertical furnace, pressure should be measured ata minimum of two locations. The measuring locations shouldbe separated by a minimum of13 the test specimen height.9.4.2.2 In a horizontal furnace, pressure should be measuredat a single location a nominal 4 6 0.2 in. (100 6 5 mm) be
39、lowthe exposed surface of the test specimen at the beginning of thetest.9.4.3 Any special mounting methods should be describedand reported.9.4.4 The locations of pressure measurement devices shouldbe reported.9.5 Furnace Oxygen Concentration:9.5.1 When furnace oxygen concentration is beingmonitored,
40、 it should be measured in the furnace stack.9.5.1.1 Oxygen concentration should be measured using aparamagnetic-type oxygen analyzer.9.5.1.2 The sampling probe should be similar to the sam-pling probe used in duct measurements of hood calorimetersdescribed in Guide .9.5.1.3 Gas samples should be con
41、tinuously drawn out ofthe stack through a sampling line.9.5.2 The oxygen concentration profile should be reported.9.6 Other Measurement Instrumentation:9.6.1 Additional instrumentation such as load cells, addi-tional thermocouples, moisture content measurement devices,motion sensors, or other instru
42、mentation not described orspecified in Test Methods E119 should be fully described andreported.10. Alternative Instrumentation Specimen10.1 When alternative instrumentation is used in addition tothe standard instrumentation specified in Test Methods E119,the alternative instrumentation should be spa
43、ced and mountedso as to not interfere with the standard instrumentation.10.2 Unexposed Surface Temperature Measurement forWalls and Floor/Ceilings:10.2.1 When the unexposed surface temperature measure-ment methods specified in Test Methods E119 are used, itshould be so stated in the report.10.2.2 Ot
44、her methods, sensors, or measurement devicesused for monitoring the unexposed surface temperature shouldbe described and reported.10.2.2.1 Any special mounting methods should be describedand reported.10.2.3 The locations of temperature measuring devicesshould be reported.10.3 Heat Flux Off the Unexp
45、osed Surface of Walls andFloor/Ceilings:10.3.1 When total heat flux off the unexposed surface ismeasured, it should be measured as described in 10.3.1.1through 10.3.1.3.10.3.1.1 Total heat flux coming off the unexposed surfaceshould be measured using a Schmidt-Boetler-type water-cooled total heat fl
46、ux gauge.10.3.1.2 The heat flux gauge should be placed near thecenter of the unexposed surface of the specimen and as close tothe specimen surface as practical.10.3.1.3 When the test specimen contains a transparentelement, an additional heat flux gauge should be placed nearthe center of the transpar
47、ent element and as close as practicalto the surface of the transparent element.10.4 Temperature Profile Through Test Specimens:10.4.1 When the temperature profile of test specimens ismonitored, it should be monitored as described in 10.4.1.1through 10.4.1.4.10.4.1.1 Temperatures should be measured t
48、hrough thethickness of the test specimen at not less than two locationsrepresentative of each major heat-transfer path within thespecimen.10.4.1.2 The surface temperature on the exposed sideshould be measured with a 24-gauge, Type K bare beadthermocouple placed in contact with the exposed surface of
49、 thetest specimen.10.4.1.3 The surface temperature on the unexposed sideshould be measured using an optical pyrometer suitable formeasuring temperatures on the unexposed side.10.4.1.4 Internal temperatures should be measured usingInconel-sheathed Type K thermocouples with a sheath diam-eter of 0.04 in. (1.0 mm).10.5 Gas Temperature Measurement:10.5.1 When gas temperatures are measured they should bemeasured as described in 10.5.1.1 through 10.5.1.3.10.5.1.1 Gas temperatures should be measured using aspi-rated thermocouples.NOTE 4Aspirated thermocouples are described i
