1、Designation: E648 17a An American National StandardStandard Test Method forCritical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using aRadiant Heat Energy Source1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E648; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopti
2、on or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
3、1. Scope*1.1 This fire-test-response standard covers a procedure formeasuring the critical radiant flux of horizontally mountedfloor-covering systems exposed to a flaming ignition source ina graded radiant heat energy environment in a test chamber. Aspecimen is mounted over underlayment, a simulated
4、 concretestructural floor, bonded to a simulated structural floor, orotherwise mounted in a typical and representative way.1.2 This fire-test-response standard measures the criticalradiant flux at flame-out. It provides a basis for estimating oneaspect of fire exposure behavior for floor-covering sy
5、stems.The imposed radiant flux simulates the thermal radiation levelslikely to impinge on the floors of a building whose uppersurfaces are heated by flames or hot gases, or both, from a fullydeveloped fire in an adjacent room or compartment. Thestandard was developed to simulate an important fire ex
6、posurecomponent of fires that develop in corridors or exitways ofbuildings and is not intended for routine use in estimatingflame spread behavior of floor covering in building areas otherthan corridors or exitways. See Appendix X1 for informationon proper application and interpretation of experiment
7、al resultsfrom use of this test.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotesthat provide explanatory information. These notes andfootnotes, excluding those in t
8、ables and figures, shall not beconsidered as requirements of this standard.1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-r
9、iskassessment of materials, products, or assemblies under actualfire conditions.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental p
10、ractices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for
11、 theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1186 Specification for Flat Fiber-Cement SheetsE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,
12、WithSpecified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of aLot or ProcessE136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a VerticalTube Furnace at 750CE171 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Flexible BarrierPackagingE176 Terminology of Fire Standards3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsSee Terminology E
13、176 for additional defi-nitions.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 blackbody temperature, nthe temperature of a per-fect radiatora surface with an emissivity of unity and,therefore, a reflectivity of zero.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire
14、Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.22 on SurfaceBurning.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2017. Published January 2018. Originallyapproved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as E648 17. DOI:10.1520/E0648-17A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM websi
15、te, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dr
16、ive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations i
17、ssued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.2.2 corridor, nan enclosed space connecting a room orcompartment with an exit. The corridor includes normalextensions, such as lobbies and other enlarged spaces, wherepresent.3.2.3 critical radiant flux, nthe level
18、of incident radiantheat energy on the floor covering system at the most distantflame-out point. It is reported as W/cm2.3.2.4 flame-out, nthe time at which the last vestige offlame or glow disappears from the surface of the test specimen,frequently accompanied by a final puff of smoke.3.2.5 floor co
19、vering, nan essentially planar material hav-ing a relatively small thickness in comparison to its length orwidth, which is laid on a floor to enhance the beauty, comfort,and utility of the floor.3.2.6 floor covering system, na single material, compositeor assembly comprised of the floor covering and
20、 relatedinstallation components (adhesive, cushion, etc.), if any.3.2.7 flux profile, nthe curve relating incident radiant heatenergy on the specimen plane to distance from the point ofinitiation of flaming ignition, that is, 0 cm.3.2.8 time zero, nthe point in time when the chamber dooris closed, w
21、hich needs to occur within 3 s after the specimenhas been moved into the chamber (see 12.4).3.2.9 total flux meter, nthe instrument used to measure thelevel of radiant heat energy incident on the specimen plane atany point.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The basic elements of the test chamber are (1) a
22、n air-gasfueled radiant heat energy panel inclined at 30 to and directedat (2) a horizontally mounted floor covering system specimen,Fig. 1. The radiant panel generates a radiant energy fluxdistribution ranging along the 100-cm length of the testspecimen from a nominal maximum of 1.0 W/cm2to aminimu
23、m of 0.1 W/cm2. The test is initiated by open-flameignition from a pilot burner. The distance burned to flame-outis converted to watts per square centimeter from the flux profilegraph, Fig. 2, and reported as critical radiant flux, W/cm2.5. Significance and Use5.1 This fire test response standard is
24、 designed to provide abasis for estimating one aspect of the fire exposure behavior ofa floor-covering system installed in a building corridor. The testenvironment is intended to simulate conditions that have beenobserved and defined in full scale corridor experiments.5.2 The test is intended to be
25、suitable for regulatory statutes,specification acceptance, design purposes, or development andresearch.5.3 The fundamental assumption inherent in the test is thatcritical radiant flux is one measure of the sensitivity to flamespread of floor-covering systems in a building corridor.5.4 The test is ap
26、plicable to floor-covering system speci-mens that follow or simulate accepted installation practice.FIG. 1 Flooring Radiant Panel Test Showing Carpet Specimen and Gas Fueled PanelE648 17a2Tests on the individual elements of a floor system are of limitedvalue and not valid for evaluation of the floor
27、ing system.5.5 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one ormore specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different testconditions are substituted or the end-use conditions arechanged, it is not always possible by or from this test methodto predict changes in the fire-test-response
28、 characteristicsmeasured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire testexposure conditions described in this procedure.6. Apparatus6.1 General:6.1.1 The test chamber employed for this test shall belocated in a draft-protected laboratory.6.2 Test Chamber:6.2.1 The test chamber, Fig. 3 and F
29、ig. 4, shall consist of anenclosure 1400 6 10 mm long by 500 6 10 mm deep by 7106 10 mm above the test specimen. The sides, ends, and topshall be of 13-mm calcium silicate, 0.74 g/cm3nominaldensity, insulating material with a thermal conductivity at177C of 0.128 W/(mK). One side shall be provided wi
30、th anapproximately 100 by 1100-mm draft-tight fire-resistant glasswindow so the entire length of the test specimen is observablefrom outside the chamber.6.2.2 The bottom of the test chamber shall consist of asliding steel platform that has provisions for rigidly securingthe test specimen holder in a
31、 fixed and level position. The free,or air access, area around the platform shall be 2300 to 3225cm2.6.2.3 When the rate of flame front advance is to bemeasured, a metal scale marked with 10-mm intervals shall beinstalled on the back of the platform or on the back wall of thechamber.6.2.4 When the e
32、xtent of flame travel is to be measured aftera prescribed burning period, for example, 15 min, the metalscale described in 6.2.3 shall be used.6.2.5 The top of the chamber shall have an exhaust stackwith interior dimensions of 102 6 3 mm wide by 380 6 3mmdeep by 318 6 3 mm high at the opposite end o
33、f the chamberfrom the radiant panel.6.3 Radiant Heat Energy Source:6.3.1 The radiant heat energy source shall be a panel ofporous material mounted in a cast iron or steel frame with aradiation surface of 305 by 457 mm. It shall be capable ofoperating at temperatures up to 816C. The panel fuel system
34、shall consist of a venturi-type aspirator for mixing gas3and airat approximately atmospheric pressure, a clean, dry air supplycapable of providing 28.3 NTP m3/h at 76 mm of water, andsuitable instrumentation for monitoring and controlling theflow of fuel to the panel.6.3.2 The radiant heat energy pa
35、nel shall be mounted in thechamber at an angle of 30 6 5 to the horizontal specimenplane. The horizontal distance from the 0 mark on the specimenfixture to the bottom edge (projected) of the radiating surfaceof the panel shall be 89 6 3 mm. The panel-to-specimenvertical distance shall be 140 6 3 mm
36、(See Fig. 3).6.4 Pyrometer:6.4.1 The radiation pyrometer for standardizing the thermaloutput of the panel shall be suitable for viewing a circular area178-254 mm in diameter at a range of 1.37 m. It shall be3Gas used in this test shall be commercial grade propane having a heating valueof approximate
37、ly 83.1 MJ/m3, commercial grade methane having a minimum purityof 96 %, or natural gas.FIG. 2 Standard Radiant Heat Energy Flux ProfileE648 17a3calibrated over the 490 to 510C operating blackbody tempera-ture range in accordance with the procedure described inAnnex A1.6.5 Specimen Holder:6.5.1 The s
38、pecimen holder (see Fig. 5) shall be constructedfrom heat-resistant stainless steel having a thickness of 1.98mm and an overall dimension of 1140 by 320 mm with aspecimen opening of 200 6 3mmby1000+15mm-0mm.Six slots shall be cut in the flange on either side of the holderto reduce warping. The holde
39、r shall be fastened to the platformwith two stud bolts at each end.6.6 Pilot Burner:6.6.1 The pilot burner, used to ignite the specimen, shall bea nominal 6 mm inside diameter, 10 mm outside diameterstainless steel tube line burner having 19 evenly spaced 0.7 mmdiameter (#70 drill) holes drilled rad
40、ially along the centerline,and 16 evenly spaced 0.7 mm diameter (#70 drill) holes drilledradially 60 below the centerline (see Fig. 6).6.6.2 In operation, the gas flow shall be adjusted to 0.085 to0.100 m3/h (3.0 to 3.5 SCFH) (air scale) flow rate. The pilotburner shall be positioned no more than 5
41、from the horizontalso the flame generated will impinge on the specimen at the 0distance burned point (see Fig. 3 and Fig. 4).6.6.3 When the burner is not being applied to the specimen,it shall be capable of being moved at least 50 mm away fromthe specimen.6.6.4 With the gas flow properly adjusted an
42、d the pilotburner in the test position, the pilot flame shall extend fromapproximately 63.5 mm at either end to approximately 127 mmat the center.6.6.5 The holes in the pilot burner shall be kept clean.Asoftwire brush has been found suitable to remove the surfaceFIG. 3 Flooring Radiant Panel Tester
43、Schematic Side ElevationE648 17a4contaminants. Nickel-chromium or stainless steel wire with anoutside diameter of 0.5 mm is suitable for opening the holes.6.7 Thermocouples:6.7.1 A 3.2-mm stainless steel sheathed grounded junctionChromel-Alumel thermocouple shall be located in the flooringradiant pa
44、nel test chamber (see Fig. 3 and Fig. 4). The chamberthermocouple is located in the longitudinal central verticalplane of the chamber 25 mm down from the top and 102 mmback from inside the exhaust stack.6.7.1.1 The thermocouple shall be kept clean to ensureaccuracy of readout.6.8 Exhaust System:6.8.
45、1 An exhaust duct with a capacity of 28.3 to 85 NTPm3/min decoupled from the chamber stack by at least 76 mmon all sides and with an effective area of the canopy slightlylarger than plane area of the chamber with the specimenplatform in the out position is used to remove combustionproducts from the
46、chamber.6.8.1.1 Before igniting the panel, but with the exhaust hoodoperating and the dummy specimen in place, the air flow ratethrough the stack shall be 76.2 6 15.2 m/min when measuredwith a hot wire anemometer at least 30 s after insertion of theprobe into the center of the stack opening at a dis
47、tance of 152mm down from the top of the stack opening.6.8.1.2 The hot wire anemometer shall have an accuracy of60.1 m/s.6.9 Dummy Specimen:6.9.1 The dummy specimen that is used in the flux profiledetermination shall be made of 19-mm inorganic 0.74 g/cm3nominal density calcium silicate board (see Fig
48、. 5). It shall be250 mm wide by 1070 mm long with 27-mm diameter holescentered on and along the centerline at the 100, 200, 300, . ,FIG. 4 Flooring Radiant Panel Tester Schematic Low Flux End, ElevationE648 17a5900 mm locations, measured from the maximum flux end ofthe specimen. To provide proper an
49、d consistent seating of theflux meter in the hole openings, a stainless or galvanized steelbearing plate shall be mounted and firmly secured to theunderside of the calcium silicate board with holes correspond-ing to those previously specified. The bearing plate shall runthe length of the dummy specimen and have a width of 76 mm.The thickness of the bearing plate shall be varied as necessaryto maintain the flux meter height specified in 10.5 up to 3.2 mmmaximum.6.10 Heat Flux Transducer:6.10.1 The total heat flux transducer used to determine theflux profile o
