1、Designation: F1646 16 An American National StandardStandard Terminology Relating toWalkway Safety and Footwear1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1646; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The terminology standard covers terminology related towalkway safety and footwear.1.2 Words adequately defined in stand
3、ard dictionaries arenot included. Included are words that are particular to thisindustry and those contained in standards under the jurisdictionof ASTM Committee F13 on Pedestrian/Walkway Safety andFootwear.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5859 Test Method for Determining the Traction of
4、Foot-wear on Painted Surfaces Using the Variable IncidenceTester (Withdrawn 2005)3F489 Test Method for Using a James Machine (Withdrawn2005)3F609 Test Method for Using a Horizontal Pull Slipmeter(HPS)F694 Test Method for Heel-Attaching Strength of WomensShoes (Withdrawn 2008)3F695 Practice for Ranki
5、ng of Test Data Obtained for Mea-surement of Slip Resistance of Footwear Sole, Heel, andRelated MaterialsF802 Guide for Selection of Certain Walkway SurfacesWhen Considering Footwear Traction (Withdrawn 2012)3F1240 Guide for Ranking Footwear Bottom Materials onContaminated Walkway Surfaces According
6、 to Slip Re-sistance Test ResultsF1637 Practice for Safe Walking SurfacesF1694 Guide for Composing Walkway SurfaceInvestigation, Evaluation and Incident Report Forms forSlips, Stumbles, Trips, and FallsF2232 Test Method for Determining the Longitudinal LoadRequired to Detach High Heels from Footwear
7、F2412 Test Methods for Foot ProtectionF2413 Specification for Performance Requirements for Pro-tective (Safety) Toe Cap FootwearF2508 Practice for Validation, Calibration, and Certificationof Walkway Tribometers Using Reference SurfacesF2892 Specification for Performance Requirements for SoftToe Pro
8、tective Footwear (Non-Safety / Non-ProtectiveToe)F2913 Test Method for Measuring the Coefficient of Frictionfor Evaluation of Slip Performance of Footwear and TestSurfaces/Flooring Using a Whole Shoe TesterF2948 Guide to Walkway Auditor QualificationsF2965 Guide for Selection of Walkway Surfaces and
9、 Treat-ments When Considering Aggressive Contaminant Con-ditions in Commercial and Industrial (Not IncludingConstruction) EnvironmentsF2966 Guide for Snow and Ice Control for Walkway Sur-faces3. Terminologyadhesion, nthe tendency of one surface to adhere to anothersurface prior to movement due to dw
10、ell time, as well as otherfactors.aggressive contaminants, nsubstances that create a grossseparation between the footwear bottom and the walkwaysurface. F2965anti-icing materials, ndry or liquid snow and ice controlmaterials applied before a snow and ice event intended toprevent precipitation from b
11、onding (that is, freezing) withthe pavement, or weaken bonds formed for easier removal.F2966arch, nthe bony framework of the foot extending from theheel to the toes and sustained by the muscles and ligamentsin the form of an arch. Also, the bottom curve of a shoe lastfrom heel to ball.barefoot, adv
12、or adjwith the feet uncovered or unclothed;without shoes or stockings.bollard, na thick, low, short, post, often of iron or steel andusually used in series, provided for the purpose of excluding1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F13 onPedestrian/Walkway Safety and Footwear
13、 and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F13.91 on Editorial and Terminology.Current edition approved May 15, 2016. Published June 2016. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as F1646 13. DOI:10.1520/F1646-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website
14、, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 1
15、00 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1or diverting motor vehicles from a road, lawn, or path.F1637box toes, nare semi-rigid materials which can be molded tothe shape of the last during shoe making. This provides thereinforcement and shape retention on the
16、 critical area of thetoe of the footwear. F2892breast, nthe forward or front face of a shoe heel.calibration, nthe set of operations that establishes, underspecified conditions, the relationship between the valuesobtained by a walkway tribometer and the correspondingsupplier reference values. F2508c
17、arpet, npermanently secured fibrous floor covering.DISCUSSIONArea rugs, mats, and runners are not considered to becarpet for the purpose of this practice. F1637clean, nfree from visible or tactile contamination.coating, na layer of any substance intentionally applied to asurface to modify its functi
18、onal or decorative characteristics.coefficient-of-friction (COF or ),na dimensionless num-ber: the ratio of two forces acting at the interface of twocontacting solid bodies. The force used in the numerator isparallel to the surfaces and the force used in the denominatoris perpendicular (normal) to t
19、he surfaces. See also dynamiccoeffcient of friction.coefficient of friction (COF), nthe ratio of the horizontalcomponent of force (parallel to the walkway surface andpassing through the tester center of gravity) required toovercome the friction to the normal component of thevertical force (weight) o
20、f the object. D5859coefficient of friction, nthe ratio of the frictional force to theforce, usually gravitational, acting perpendicular to the twosurfaces in contact. This coefficient is a measure of therelative difficulty with which the surface of one material willslide over an adjoining surface of
21、 itself, or of anothermaterial. The static or starting coefficient of friction (s)isrelated to the force measured to begin movement of thesurfaces relative to each other. The kinetic or slidingcoefficient of friction (k) is related to the force measured insustaining this movement. F489contaminant, n
22、any substance between and not a part ofeither of the two surfaces; contaminant, contaminating,contamination.contamination, nany undesirable solid or liquid materialthat rests upon a surface or exists between two matingsurfaces; contaminant, contaminating.contra lateral, adjlocated, occurring, or act
23、ing on theopposite side of the body.cross slope, nthe slope of a pedestrian walkway that isperpendicular to the direction of travel. F1637de-icing materials, nsnow and ice melting products appliedon top of a layer of snow or ice, or both, that is bonded to thepavement. F2966dwell time, nthe duration
24、 of time beginning at the instant atribometers test foot is placed upon the surface to be tested,and ending at the instant a shear force is applied to thesensor.dynamic coefficient of friction (DCOF), n a coefficient offriction, d, obtained during relative translation between twocontacting solid bod
25、ies; used interchangeably with kineticcoeffcient of friction.element, nan identifiable part of an architectural component,for example, a stair handrail, tread, riser, or landing. F1637fair, adja smooth transition between adjacent surfaces.F1637fall, nundesirable descent due to the force of gravity,
26、usuallyfrom a standing posture or during ambulation, to a lowerlevel, usually the ground or floor.fit, nthe ability of the shoe or hosiery to conform to the size,width, shape, and proportion of the foot.floor surface, nSee walkway surface.footwear, nwearing apparel for the feet (such as shoes,boots,
27、 slippers, or overshoes), excluding hosiery.footwear, nshoes, including boots, sandals, slippers, or foulweather gear such as overshoes and rubbers, or a combina-tion thereof. F1637forefoot, nthe portion of the shoe extending forward fromthe break of the joint to the toe, also called forepart. F2232
28、foreseeable pedestrian path, nany place where a pedestriancould reasonably be expected to walk. F1637foxing, na piece of material applied to the upper or extendingaround the outsole of a boot or shoe.friction, nresistance to the relative motion of one bodysliding, rolling, or flowing over another wi
29、th which it is incontact.friction, nthe resistance developed between the physicallycontacting surfaces of two bodies when there is a movementor attempted movement of one body relative to the otherparallel to the plane of contact. D5859friction, nthe resisting force that arises when a surface ofone s
30、ubstance slides, or tends to slide, over an adjoiningsurface of itself or another substance. Between surfaces ofsolids in contact there may be two kinds of friction: (1) theresistance opposing the force required to start to move onesurface over another, and (2) the resistance opposing theforce requi
31、red to move one surface over another at avariable, fixed, or predetermined speed. F489guiding document, na standard, regulation, law, code,directive, statute, ordinance, or similar document that nomi-nally limits, requires, or otherwise guides certain activities orconditions; the specific relevance
32、or applicability of thedocument may vary. F2948heel, na solid part of a shoe or boot projecting downward andattached to or forming the back part of the sole under theheel of the foot.F1646 162heel attachment strength, nthe force in pounds measuredunder the testing conditions of Test Method F2232 req
33、uiredto detach the heel from the sole/insole assembly. F2232heel breast, nthe forward or front face of a shoe heel.heel breast, nthe front face of the shoe heel. F2232heel height, nthe vertical distance from the top back edge ofthe heel to the plane of the tread (wear) surface of the heel.F2232heel
34、seat, nthe part of a shoe to which the heel is attached.hosiery, nany covering of the foot not intended for groundcontact during ambulation, such as socks, stockings, etc.insert/footbed/sockliner (all removable), nfootbed nor-mally made of a foam product with leather or fabric covershaped to cover t
35、he entire insole which can be insertedbetween the foot and insole board. F2412, F2413, F2892insole, nthe part of the shoe that is a structural anchor towhich the upper and heel are fastened during manufacture. Itmay or may not be covered on the foot side by materialreferred to as a socklining. F2232
36、insole, nfoundation of the shoe; the inner sole of the shoewhich is next to the foot, under the sock liner or insert, ontowhich the upper is lasted. F2412, F2413, F2892insole, nthat part of the shoe which is between the foot andthe outsole, and to which the upper is fastened duringmanufacture. It ma
37、y or may not be covered on the foot sideby an aesthetic material referred to as a socklining. F694ipsilateral, adjlocated, occurring, or acting on the same sideof the body.last, nsolid hinged form, in the general shape of a foot,around which footwear is constructed. F2412, F2413, F2892lasting, vbuil
38、ding of footwear around a specific foot form.F2412, F2413, F2892lining, nterm used to describe all components that can beused to construct the interior of the upper portion of thefootwear. F2412, F2413, F2892mudguard, na strip of material applied to a shoe upper justabove the sole intended as a prot
39、ection against dampness oras an ornament.outsole, nthe bottom sole of the shoe, the surface of which isexposed to wear. F694outsole, nthe bottom (sole) of the shoe: including the surfacewhich is exposed to wear. F2232outsole and heel, nexterior bottom platform of the footwear;the bottom surface. F24
40、12paired t-test, na test of statistical significance based on theuse of students t-distribution and used to compare twosample means. F2508pedestrian, na person using legs or leg surrogates (forexample, prosthetic limbs, crutches, etc.) as the principalmechanism for locomotion.planar, adjflat. F1637p
41、ricker points, nin testing footwear, a modification of thefoot form in which needle points of steel18 in. (3.2 mm)long are used to prevent vertical movement of the testspecimen. F694product category, ndescription for a type of footweardesigned and manufactured for a specific hazard or hazards.F2412,
42、 F2413, F2892product classification, nfootwear manufactured to meet aminimum performance requirement for a specific hazard orhazards. F2412protective footwear, nfootwear that is designed,constructed, and classified to protect the wearer from apotential hazard or hazards. F2412, F2413, F2892protectiv
43、e toe cap, ncomponent designed to provide toeprotection that is an integral and permanent part of thefootwear. F2412, F2413quarter, none side of the upper of a shoe or boot from heelto vamp.quarter, nentire back portion of the footwear upper. F2412,F2413, F2892ramp, na walkway surface that has a slo
44、pe steeper than 1:20(5 %). F1637reference surfaces (RSs), nspecified materials, identified inSection 7 of Practice F2508, that have experimentallydemonstrated slip properties for a select population ofpedestrians and serve as references for walkway tribometermeasurements. F2508seatboard, na reinforc
45、ement (if used) of the insole where theheel is attached. F2232self-cleaning, adjproperty of a walkway surface or treatmentwhere foot pressure breaks up or displaces, or both, acontaminant on a walkway surface in a manner that restoresdirect contact between the walkway surface and the footwearbottom
46、in contaminated conditions. F2965shank, nthe steel or wood piece inserted in the arch of theshoe for reinforcement. F694shank, na reinforcement in the arch (instep) of the shoebetween the insole and outsole made from steel, wood,fiberboard or plastic (individually or in combination). F2232shankboard
47、, nthe back part of the insole which is fabricatedfrom a firm fibreboard. It is contoured to the arch of the footfor support. F694, F2232SIC, nStandard Industrial Classification, as referenced inStandard Industrial Classification, Office of StatisticalStandards, Executive Office of the President, Of
48、fice ofF1646 163Management and Budget, U.S. Department of Commerce.F1694sidewalk, na paved surface, such as concrete or asphalt,usually parallel and adjacent to streets. F1637size, nlength and breadth measurements of footwear deter-mined by using a specific grading; the American system offootwear gr
49、ading. F2412,F2413,F2892slider, na766 1 mm circular test specimen cut from sheetmaterial.DISCUSSIONShould a shape and or size of slider other than a 76 mmcircular shape be used, it shall be documented within the test report.F2913slider 96, na pre-described rectangular test specimen in-tended for use in calibration of the test surface. F2913slip, na term denoting lubricity of two surfaces sliding incontact with each other. In a sense, it is the antithesis offriction in that high coefficient o
