1、Designation: F1815 11 An American National StandardStandard Test Methods forSaturated Hydraulic Conductivity, Water Retention, Porosity,and Bulk Density of Athletic Field Rootzones1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1815; the number immediately following the designation indicates t
2、he year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the measurements of satu
3、ratedhydraulic conductivity, water retention, porosity (includingdistribution of capillary and air-filled porosity at a known soilsuction), and bulk density on sand-based root zone mixes to beused for construction and topdressing of golf course puttinggreens including United States Golf Association
4、USGA)recommended greens, golf course tees, sand-based sportsfields, or other highly trafficked turfgrass areas. These testmethods are designed for sand-based mixes and are notintended for use with fine or medium textured soils, forexample, sandy loams and loams.1.2 The values stated in SI units are
5、 to be regarded as thestandard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices
6、and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to its use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids byWater PycnometerD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2974 Test M
7、ethods for Moisture, Ash, and Organic Matterof Peat and Other Organic SoilsD4643 Test Method for Determination of Water (Moisture)Content of Soil by Microwave Oven HeatingD4959 Test Method for Determination of Water (Moisture)Content of Soil By Direct HeatingD5550 Test Method for Specific Gravity of
8、 Soil Solids byGas PycnometerE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSievesF1647 Test Methods for Organic Matter Content of AthleticField Rootzone Mixes3. Summary of Test Method3.1 Test Method ASaturated hydraulic conductivity isdetermined on compacted, saturated mix or sand soil c
9、ores.Water flow through the core is maintained at a constanthydraulic head until a steady flow rate is achieved, at whichtime aliquots of the outflow are collected.3.2 Test Method BWater retention is obtained at a soilsuction as defined by the design architect or engineer in thespecifications. In li
10、eu of a specification, or if testing for USGAgreens, the water retention shall be determined at a soil suctionof 30 cm. The water shall be extracted from a prepared core bymeans of a tension table or other water extraction apparatus.When equilibrium is achieved, the weight is recorded. The coreis ov
11、en dried at 105C until a constant weight is obtained.Water retention is calculated on an oven dried basis. Bulkdensity is calculated from the mix or sand dry weight andvolume.3.3 Test Method CTotal porosity is calculated from thebulk density and particle density.3.4 Test Method DCapillary porosity i
12、s calculated fromthe bulk density and water retention information. Air-filled oraeration porosity is calculated from the difference of total andcapillary porosity.4. Apparatus4.1 Cylinders, made of metal, PVC, or similar rigid mate-rials shall have an inside diameter of 51 or 76+2mm(2or3+ 0.08 in.),
13、 and a height of 76+2mm(3+0.08 in.).4.2 Compactor, shall be such as to exert a total potentialenergy of 3.03 J/cm2(14.3 ft-lb/in.2) across the cross-sectionalarea of the core. Fig. 1 shows an example of such a devicewhere a weighted hammer is dropped 15 times from a height of305+2mm(12+0.08 in.). A5
14、1 mm (2 in.) diameter core will1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 onSports Equipment and Facilitiesand are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF08.64 on Natural Playing Surfaces.Current edition approved April 1, 2011. Published May 2011. Originallyapproved in 1
15、997. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as F1815 06. DOI:10.1520/F1815-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on
16、the ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1require 15 drops of a 1.36 kg (3 lb) hammer from a height of305 mm (12 in.). A76 mm core will require 15 drops of a 3.02kg (6.7 lb) hammer from a height of 305 mm (12 in
17、). The dropsshall be completed within 1 min. The compactor shall rest ona rigid foundation such as a cube of concrete with a mass of notless than 40 kg (90 lb). Secure the base of the compactor to thefoundation. The diameter of the compaction foot should besufficient to prevent binding with the insi
18、de wall of thecylinder, but no more than 2 mm smaller in diameter than theinside diameter of the cylinder. The clearance between bush-ings and the guide rod should be sufficient to prevent binding,but should be no greater than 2 mm.4.3 Permeameter, capable of maintaining a constant head ofwater for
19、several hours.4.4 Tension or Porous Plate Apparatus, capable of extract-ing water out of the cores at a soil suction of up to 4 kPa (40cm suction). Fig. 2 shows an example of a tension table.4.5 Oven, capable of maintaining a constant temperature of105 6 5C.4.6 BalanceA balance sensitive to 0.1 g.4.
20、7 Thermometer, accurate to 0.5C.4.8 Sieves, No. 5 (4 mm).5. Preparation of Samples5.1 Premixed Samples:5.1.1 The cylinders should be prepared by attaching adouble layer of cheesecloth or other suitable cloth material,including brass, stainless steel, or fiberglass, onto the bottom ofeach cylinder. T
21、he cheesecloth or other material should betrimmed to a consistent size prior to or after placement on thecylinder. Weigh and record the weight of each cylinder.5.1.2 Screen the root zone mixture through a No. 5 (4 mm)sieve to remove peat clods and other debris. Peat clods shouldbe broken up and retu
22、rned to the sample.5.1.3 In mixes containing peat or other organicamendments, determine percent organic matter using one ofthe methods in Test Methods F1647 to quantify organic mattercontent on a weight basis. This value and the method usedshould be reported so that field checks of mixes can be made
23、to assure that the mix corresponds to that developed in thelaboratory5.1.4 The gravimetric water content of the sample shall bedetermined by a referenced (Test Methods D2216, D4643,D4959) or other appropriate method. The water content of thesample shall be adjusted to 8 + 0.5 % by adding water to th
24、esample by misting if the antecedent water content is below8 %, or by air drying the sample if the antecedent water contentis above 8 %. Water content is expressed on a dry weight basis(wt. water/wt. dry soil) 100).5.1.5 Place moistened root zone mix into the cylinder,tapping gently on a firm surfac
25、e as mix is added.Add sufficientquantities of mix to fill the cylinder. The intent here is to havethe surface of the compacted mix or sand within 10 mm fromthe top, but not above the lip of a 76 mm height cylinder. If thelevel of the compacted mix is above 76 mm or below 66 mm,remove the mix and rep
26、ack the cores. To ensure a sufficientheight (66 to 76 mm) of the compacted mix or sand, a cylinderlonger than 76 mm can be used or a second cylinder of thesame diameter and 2 cm or greater in height can be secured toa 76 mm test cylinder prior to filling and compaction of thesample. This cylinder is
27、 removed after compaction.5.1.6 Place the cylinder in a pan of water and allow it tosaturate from the bottom up for at least 30 min, until the mixin the core is visibly saturated. The level of the water in the panshall be within 2 mm below the top of the cores. Be careful notto splash any water onto
28、 the mix or sand surface.5.1.7 Place the cylinders on a tension table or other waterextracting device, set to remove water at the desired soilsuction (see Fig. 2 for proper measurement). Samples evalu-ated for USGA greens should have water extracted at a soilsuction of -3 kPa (30 cm). Leave sample c
29、ores on the tensiontable for at least 16 h. Cover the tension table and cylinderswith a plastic sheet or similar cover to minimize evaporationfrom the surface of the cores and the tension table.5.1.8 Place the cylinder onto the base of the compactor, anddrop the weight 15 times from a height of 305+
30、2mm(12+0.08 in.).NOTE 1It has been found that 15 drops of the hammer from a heightof 305 mm (12 in.) (as measured from the bottom of the weight to the topof the anvil) will produce a degree of compaction comparable to a severelycompacted putting green, provided the soil contains moisture approximat-
31、ing field capacity.FIG. 1 A Suggested Impact-Type Compactor to Produce a TotalDynamic Energy of 3.03 J/cm2Across the Surface Cross-Sectional Area of the CoreF1815 1125.1.9 Remove the upper cylinder, if one is used. If the levelof the mix is above the top of the lower cylinder, remove themix, repack
32、the cylinder with new mix, resaturate the sample,bring to the desired soil suction and recompact the sample. Donot shave off the top of the mix. If the level of the mix isbelow the edge of the cylinder, measure the length of thisFIG. 2 Suggested Tension Apparatus Capable of Extracting Water out of t
33、he Mix or Sand CoresF1815 113depression to the nearest 0.1 cm (1 mm). Subtract this valuefrom the height of the cylinder to determine length of the soilcolumn (L). Record this number (cm).5.1.10 Calculate the volume of the mix or sand column tothe nearest 0.1 cm3as follows:V 5 L 3A (1)where:L = leng
34、th of the mix or sand column (to the nearest 0.1 cm),andA = cross sectional area of the column (A = r2)tothenearest 0.01 cm2.5.2 Laboratory Mixed Samples:5.2.1 Root zone mixes are nearly always mixed on a volumebasis. Use a measuring device such as a graduated cylinder orsmall beaker for measuring s
35、and, soil, peat, or other amend-ment volumes.5.2.2 Peat volumes shall be measured in a loose state. Aloose state of peat can be obtained by passing the peat througha No. 4 or No. 5 sieve. The sample shall be scooped from theloose bulk sample and measured to the desired volume withoutcompacting the p
36、eat sample. In cases where an organic mattersource other than peat is used (for example, compost), prepareand measure the organic matter source as with peat. Inorganicamendments shall be measured in the same manner.NOTE 1For quality control purposes, it is advised that moisture andorganic matter con
37、tent be determined on the peat in accordance with TestMethods D2974.5.2.3 Thoroughly mix the sand, peat or other amendments,or a combination thereof, to the desired volume ratios.5.2.4 Determine percent organic matter using one of themethods in Test Methods F1647 to quantify organic mattercontent on
38、 a weight basis. This value and the method usedshould be reported so that field checks of mixes can assure thatthe mix corresponds to that developed in the laboratory.5.2.5 Follow 5.1.1 5.1.9 for sample preparation.6. Quality Assurance/Quality Control6.1 A minimum of two, and preferably three replic
39、ates ofeach sample shall be included for all measurements.6.2 A well-characterized standard root zone sample shallalso be included in each and every run of all physicalparameters.TEST METHOD ASATURATED HYDRAULICCONDUCTIVITY37. Procedure7.1 Place the compacted sample into a pan of water andsaturate f
40、rom the bottom up. The water level in the pan shall bewithin 2 mm below the surface of the mix.7.2 Place the cylinder with mix onto the permeameter andbegin running water through the sample. Tap water may beused, and if feasible, heated or cooled to 20C. If this is notfeasible, corrections for the t
41、emperature affect on the viscosityof water may be used (see Table 1). Set the permeameter to aknown hydraulic head. For set ups where the water flowsdownward from the top, the hydraulic head (h) is measuredfrom the bottom of the mix or sand column to the water levelabove the mix or sand (see Fig. 3)
42、 Record this value (to thenearest 0.1 cm).7.3 Measure and record the water temperature to the nearest1.7.4 After a time when a constant flow rate is confirmed (+10 % over three consecutive measurements), place a collectionbottle, flask, or beaker at the outflow point of the cylinders andbegin colle
43、cting the outflow. Collect the outflow for a specificperiod of time, the time based on the rate of flow. Collection ofone or more samples over a 30 min period is suggested.7.5 Measure the effluent and record in cm3(ml) collectedover time period, t.3Procedures for saturated hydraulic conductivity, wa
44、ter retention, porosity, andbulk density were adapted from procedures published in Methods of Soil Analysis,Part 1:Physical and Minerological Methods; American Society of AgronomyMonograph No. 9, Part 1, Second Edition.NOTE 1The hydraulic head (h) is measured from the bottom of thesoil column to the
45、 water level above the soil.FIG. 3 Suggested Permeameter Setup to Determine Saturated Hy-draulic ConductivityTABLE 1 Correction Factor (Rt) for the Viscosity of Water atVarious TemperaturesTemperature,CRt15 1.13516 1.10617 1.07718 1.05119 1.02520 1.0021 0.97622 0.95323 0.93124 0.91025 0.90026 0.8692
46、7 0.85028 0.83229 0.81430 0.797F1815 1148. Calculation8.1 Calculate the saturated hydraulic conductivity to thenearest 0.1 cm/h as follows:Ksat5 QL/hAt (2)where:Ksat= saturated hydraulic conductivity (cm/h),Q = quantity of effluent collected (cm3) in period of time(t),L = length of soil column (cm),
47、h = hydraulic head (cm),A = cross sectional area of the soil core (cm2),t = time required to collect Q (hour).8.2 Correct the saturated hydraulic conductivity for theviscosity of water to that for 20C (68F) by multiplying Ksatby the ratio of the viscosity of water at the test temperature tothe visco
48、sity of water at 20C (see Table 1).8.3 Divide Ksatby 2.54 to convert cm/h to in./h, if desired.TEST METHOD BBULK DENSITY AND WATERRETENTION9. Procedure9.1 Remove the sample from the permeameter, saturatefrom the bottom, and place on the soil water extractor ortension table set at the desired soil su
49、ction. After at least 16 h,weigh, correct for water held in cheesecloth, and record thecorrected weight as MW(0.1 g).NOTE 2Water held in the cheesecloth can be determined by weighingappropriate sizes of cheesecloth (see 5.1.1). Reweigh the cheesecloth afterwetting and allowing it to come to equilibrium at the appropriate matricpotential. The correction equals the moist weight minus the dry weight.The correction value must be recalculated if a different cloth type ormatric potential is used.9.2 Place the sample in a drying oven set at 105 C and dryfor 2
