1、Designation: F1951 14 An American National StandardStandard Specification forDetermination of Accessibility of Surface Systems Underand Around Playground Equipment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1951; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigina
2、l adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe need for systematic and consistent means of evaluating the cap
3、ability of surface systems toprovide access to playgrounds has been amplified by the passage of the Federal Americans withDisabilities Act. The goal of this specification is to establish uniform means to measure thecharacteristics of surface systems in order to provide the potential buyer with perfo
4、rmancespecifications to select materials for use as an accessible surface under and around playgroundequipment.1. Scope1.1 This specification establishes minimum characteristicsfor those factors that determine accessibility. This specificationapplies to all types of materials that can be used under
5、andaround playground equipment.1.2 The material under and around playground equipmentthat meets this specification must also comply with Specifica-tion F1292 if the surface is within the fall zone.1.3 This specification does not imply that an injury cannotbe incurred if the surface system complies w
6、ith this specifica-tion.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard. (See IEEE/ASTM SI 10.)1.5 The following precautionary statem
7、ent pertains only tothe test method portions, Sections 6 and 7, of this specification:This standard does not purport to address all of the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and det
8、ermine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2IEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standard for Use ofthe International System of Units (SI): The Modern MetricSystemE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE691
9、Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodF1292 Specification for Impact Attenuation of SurfacingMaterials Within the Use Zone of Playground EquipmentF1487 Consumer Safety Performance Specification for Play-ground Equipment for Public Use2.2 U.S. Arch
10、itectural and Transportation Barriers Compli-ance Board Document:3Americans with DisabilitiesAct Accessibility Guidelines forBuildings and Facilities2.3 U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission Document:4US CPSC Publication No. 325 Handbook for Public Play-ground Safety (2010)3. Terminology3.1 Defini
11、tions of Terms Specific to This Standard:1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F08.63 on Playground Surfacing Systems.Current edition approved June 1, 2014. Published Ju
12、ly 2014. Originally approvedin 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as F1951 09b. DOI: 10.1520/F1951-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the
13、standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from United States Access Board, 1331 F Street, NW, Suite 1000,Washington, DC 20004-1111, http:/www.access-board.gov/.4Available from United States Consumer Product Safety Commission, 4330 EastWest Highway, Bethesda, MD, 20814, http:/www.
14、cpsc.gov/.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.1 camber, nthe angular position in the vertical direc-tion of the individual main wheel axis.3.1.1.1 DiscussionZero camber occurs when the wheelaxis is parallel to the grou
15、nd surface.3.1.2 loose fill system, na surface system consisting ofsmall independent, movable components.3.1.2.1 DiscussionExamples of movable components in-clude sand, gravel, wood chips, loose rubber, and engineeredwood fiber.3.1.3 maneuverability, nthe ability of a surfacing materialto allow unen
16、cumbered traversing or locomotion of a personwith or without prosthetic aids or wheelchair.3.1.4 toe, nthe difference in separation distance betweenthe front of the two main wheels and the rear of the two mainwheels of a wheelchair.3.1.4.1 DiscussionProper toe alignment occurs when theaxle is perpen
17、dicular to the direction of rolling.3.1.5 use zone, narea beneath and immediately adjacent toa play structure or equipment that is designated for unrestrictedcirculation around the equipment and on whose surface it ispredicted that a user would land when falling from or exitingthe equipment.3.1.5.1
18、DiscussionThe surface area within the use zoneshall meet the minimum impact attenuation requirements ofSpecification F1292 from the maximum fall height.4. General Requirements4.1 Playground surfaces represented as complying with thisspecification shall meet all applicable requirements regardingacces
19、sibility specified herein.Anyone representing compliancewith this specification shall keep such essential records as arenecessary to document any claim that the requirements withinthis specification have been met.4.2 Surface systems that are within the use zone of thesurrounded playground equipment
20、shall be tested in accor-dance with Specification F1292 and shall comply with theimpact performance requirements of Specification F1292.Thus, surface systems shall exhibit a head injury criterion(HIC) not exceeding 1000 and a value of acceleration recordedduring an impact (g-max) not exceeding 200 f
21、rom a height ator greater than the fall height of the play structure.NOTE 1This is consistent with the guidance contained in US CPSCPublication No. 325.4.3 Accessibility specification certification compliance shallbe conducted by an independent accredited testing laboratory.5. Performance Requiremen
22、t5.1 The tests shall be conducted on a surface that is installedper the manufacturers installation instructions. No additionalcompaction or other modification shall be permitted, other thanwhat is required for test specimen preparation with Specifica-tion F1292.5.2 ManeuverabilityWhen tested in acco
23、rdance with thetest methods described in Sections 6 and 7 of this specification,a surface in place shall have average work per foot (work permeter) values for straight propulsion and for turning less thanthe average work per foot (work per meter) values for straightpropulsion and for turning, respec
24、tively, on a hard, smoothsurface with a grade of 7.1 6 0.2 % (1:14).6. Wheelchair Work Measurement MethodStraightPropulsion6.1 Test Equipment and Setup:6.1.1 Test WheelchairA 16-in. (40.64-cm) width rehabili-tation wheelchair with pneumatic rear tires, front wheels withpneumatic tires, and a total w
25、eight of 31 6 4.4 lb (14 6 2 kg)shall be used as the test wheelchair. The rear wheels shall beidentical with 24 by 1.375-in. (61 by 3.5-cm) pneumatic tiresand pushrim diameters of 20 in. (50.8 cm). The front wheelswith pneumatic tires shall be identical with 8 by 1-in. (20.3 by2.54-cm) wheels with p
26、neumatic tires. One main rear wheelshall be capable of measuring the forces applied to the pushrimthat are tangential to the pushrim and parallel to the directionof travel. The wheelchair shall be adjusted such that there isminimal toe and minimal camber. Tire pressures shall be set tothe maximum pr
27、essure specified by the manufacturer 62 psi.6.1.2 Test Wheelchair RiderA165 +11, 4.4-lb (75 +5, 2kg) test wheelchair rider shall propel the wheelchair duringtesting.6.1.3 Weight of Total SystemThe total weight of thewheelchair-rider system, including any distance measurementor data acquisition equip
28、ment residing on the wheelchair, shallbe a minimum of 187.2 lb (85 kg) and a maximum of 255 lb(116 kg).6.1.4 Weight DistributionThe wheelchair rider shall beseated in the wheelchair such that 406 2 % of the total weightis supported by the front casters and the rear wheels support theremaining 60 6 2
29、 % when measured in a static position withthe wheelchair riders hands placed on the rear wheel pushrimsin the topmost position.6.1.5 Distance MeasurementA method to measure thetotal distance that the wheelchair has been propelled must bepresent. This distance shall be 6.56 +0.66 / 0 ft (2.0 +0.20 /
30、0m) from its starting, measured to an accuracy of 6 0.79 in. (2cm).6.1.6 Wheel Angular Displacement Measurement(Optional)A method to measure the angular displacement ofthe pushrim force measuring wheel can be used. It shall havean accuracy of at least 6 0.5.6.1.7 Data AcquisitionA data acquisition s
31、ystem shall beused to record the forces applied to the pushrim and the end ofthe trial at a minimum frequency of 50 Hz.6.2 Test Specimen:6.2.1 An installed site of playground surfacing shall be usedas the test specimen. The minimum test specimen size shall be4 ft (1.22 m) wide by 8 ft (2.44 m) in le
32、ngth.6.2.2 The surface shall be level and free of surface dirt, ice,or contaminants.6.2.3 Testing shall be conducted when surface temperature,as measured by a temperature probe, is between 40 and 100F(4 and 38C).6.3 Test Procedure:6.3.1 Starting from a stationary position with the wheelchaircasters
33、in the trailing position, the test wheelchair rider shallF1951 142propel the wheelchair across the test surface a distance of 6.56+0.66 / 0 ft (2.0 +0.20 / 0 m) using four uniform pushes. Thedistance the wheelchair actually rolls shall be recorded to anaccuracy of 6 0.79 in. (6 2 cm). The wheelchair
34、 rider shallcontact the pushrims only during the trial and shall maintainthe same posture assumed during weight distribution measure-ment. The wheelchair shall be propelled in a straight path. Atleast three of the wheelchair wheels shall be in contact with thetest surface during the trial. Each tria
35、l shall be completed in 7.061.0 s.6.3.2 Record the forces applied to the pushrim to anaccuracy of 6 0.15 ft lbf (6 0.2 N m), at a minimumfrequency of 50 Hz.6.3.3 Consider the trial acceptable if it meets the followingcriteria:6.3.3.1 Pushrim torque values below 3.69 ft lbf (5.0 N m) (reverse torque)
36、 do not occur;6.3.3.2 One or more wheels do not slip on the surfacecreating torque values above 7.38 ft lbf (10Nm)with noforward movement of the wheelchair;6.3.3.3 The time to complete the 6.56-ft (2.0-m) distance is7.0 6 1.0 s;6.3.3.4 The torque applied to the wheelchair pushrim is zeroor decreasin
37、g at the end of the trial;6.3.3.5 The four propulsion strokes cause the wheelchair totravel a total distance of 6.56 +0.66 / 0 ft (2.0 +0.20 / 0 m).6.3.4 Repeat 6.3.1 6.3.3 until a total of five acceptabletrials are recorded. Use a leveled surface for each trial. Iftesting cannot be completed succes
38、sfully on the test surface,document the reasons.6.3.5 Repeat 6.3.1 6.3.4 with the same test wheelchairrider on a hard, smooth surface with a grade of 7.1 6 0.2 %(1:14) and a cross slope of 0 6 0.5 %.6.4 Calculation:6.4.1 Calculation of work per foot (work per meter):6.4.1.1 For each trial, calculate
39、 the average torque byintegrating the area under the torque-time curve and dividingby the time to complete the trial.6.4.1.2 Calculate the total work required for each trial bymultiplying the average torque value by the total wheel angulardisplacement. If the test wheelchair was instrumented withonl
40、y one pushrim force measuring wheel, multiply this valueby two.6.4.1.3 For each trial, normalize the total work required towork per foot (work per meter) by dividing by the length of thetrial.6.4.2 Alternative method for calculating work per foot(work per meter):6.4.2.1 For each trial, calculate the
41、 average work per foot(work per meter) by integrating the area under the torque-angular displacement curve or the torque-distance curve, andthen dividing by the total angular displacement or length of thetrial, respectively. If the test wheelchair was instrumented withonly one pushrim force measurin
42、g wheel, multiply this valueby two.6.4.3 Discard the low and high work per foot (work permeter) values and average the remaining three trials to deter-mine the average work per foot (work per meter) required tonegotiate the test surface and the hard, smooth surface with agrade of 7.1 6 0.2 % (1:14).
43、6.5 ReportReport the following information for thestraight propulsion test:6.5.1 A reference to this specification.6.5.2 Complete identification of the playground surfacesystem tested, including manufacturer, type, manufacturers lotnumber, if appropriate, thickness, and any other pertinentinformatio
44、n.6.5.3 Details of the manufacturers installation instructions.No modification or compaction of the surface is permittedbeyond what is stated in the manufacturers installation instruc-tions other than what is required for test specimen preparationwithin Specification F1292.6.5.4 Complete identificat
45、ion of the test wheelchair used,including name of manufacturer, model, identification number,and weight.6.5.5 Weight of the test wheelchair rider, total weight andfront-to-rear weight distribution of the wheelchair-rider sys-tem.6.5.6 Optional additional helpful information includes anyother relevan
46、t information, including photographs of the testsite and of the wheelchair.6.5.7 Date of tests.6.5.8 The name and address of the test institution.6.5.9 Pushrim torque versus time graphs for each trial.6.5.10 Work per foot (work per meter) values to the nearest0.1ftlbf(0.1Nm)andtotal trial times for
47、all five trials onthe test surface and on the hard, smooth surface with a grade of7.1 6 0.2 % (1:14).6.5.11 Average work per foot (work per meter) to thenearest 0.1 ft lbf (0.1Nm)forthetest surface and for thehard, smooth surface with a grade of 7.1 6 0.2 % (1:14). Iftesting could not be successfull
48、y completed on the test surface,the report must state this, as well as the reasons why testingcould not be performed according to the test procedure. If thewheelchair continued to roll and could not stop at the specifieddistance, the work per foot (work per meter) required tonegotiate the test surfa
49、ce shall be considered less than on thehard, smooth surface with a grade of 7.1 6 0.2 % (1:14).7. Wheelchair Work Measurement MethodTurning7.1 Test Equipment and Setup:7.1.1 Test WheelchairA 16-in. (40.64-cm) width rehabili-tation wheelchair with pneumatic rear tires, front wheels withpneumatic tires, and a total weight of 31 6 4.4 lb (14 62 kg)shall be used as the test wheelchair. The rear wheels shall beidentical with 24 by 1.375-in. (61 by 3.5-cm) pneumatic tiresand pushrim diameters of 20 in. (50.8 cm). The front wheel
