1、Designation: F1953 10 An American National StandardStandard Guide forConstruction and Maintenance of Grass Tennis Courts1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1953; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers techniques that are appropriate for theconstruction and maintenance of grass tennis courts.
3、This guideprovides guidance for selection of soil systems and turfgrassspecies in court construction and for selection of managementpractices that will maintain an acceptable playing surface.1.2 Decisions in selecting construction and maintenancetechniques are influenced by existing soil types, clim
4、aticfactors, adaptation of grass species, level of play anticipated,intensity of use, budget, equipment, and training and ability ofthe turf management personnel.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This stand
5、ard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 AS
6、TM Standards:2C33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesD422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of SoilsD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD1140 Test Methods for Determining the Amount of Mate-rial Finer than 75-m (No. 200) Sieve in Soils by WashingD5268 Specification for
7、 Topsoil Used for Landscaping Pur-posesE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSievesF405 Specification for Corrugated Polyethylene (PE) Pipeand FittingsF2651 Terminology Relating to Soil and Turfgrass Charac-teristics of Natural Playing Surfaces3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsExcept
8、as noted, soil and turfgrass relateddefinitions are in accordance with Terminology F2651.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 reel mower (also reel-typemower), na machine forcutting grass composed of a cylinder, formed of bladesmounted on a horizontal axis. The reel consists of a
9、 number ofhelix-shaped blades which are attached to support spiderswhich are subsequently mounted on a rotating shaft. Duringoperation the reel blades turn to contact a bedknife whichexecutes a scissors-like cutting action. Properly performed andwell-maintained, reel mowers are particularly adapted
10、to ahigher mow quality and close cutting action (often to mowheights of less than 2.5 mm (110 in.) compared to other typesof mowers.3.2.2 winter overseedingthe practice of overseeding acool-season turfgrass into a warm-season turfgrass stand at ornear their start of winter dormancy for the purpose o
11、f providinga green, growing turf during the winter period when thewarm-season species are brown and dormant.4. Significance and Use4.1 Agrass tennis court should provide a relatively uniform,high quality playing surface as it relates to footing and ballbounce. Undulations, rough surface, bare spots,
12、 weeds, and wetspots detract from good play. Playing surface quality is largelyaffected by construction and maintenance procedures, and thisguide addresses those procedures.4.1.1 During construction, consideration should be given tofactors such as soil physical and chemical properties, freedomof lar
13、ge stones and debris in the soil, surface and internaldrainage, grass species selection, orientation of the court, andprovisions for distributing wear on the playing surface.4.1.2 Maintenance practices that influence the playability ofthe surface include mowing height, mowing frequency, rolling,irri
14、gation, fertilization, weed control, disease and insectcontrol, cultivation, thatch control, topdressing, and overseed-ing.4.2 Those responsible for the design, construction, ormaintenance, or a combination thereof, of tennis courts willbenefit from this guide.1This guide is under the jurisdiction o
15、f ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilitiesand is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F08.52 on Miscellaneous Playing Surfaces.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2010. Published October 2010. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as F195
16、3 99 (2003).DOI: 10.1520/F1953-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM Internationa
17、l, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.3 This guide provides flexibility in choices of proceduresand can be used to cover a variety of use and budget levels.5. Construction5.1 SoilSoil may be the existing topsoil or a sandyrootzone prepared by mixing
18、 sand with soil.5.1.1 Existing or native soils used for tennis courts shouldbe well drained. Well drained soils are often medium textured.Avoid poorly drained soils, which remain wet for significantperiods during the growing season. Poorly drained soils maypossess a layer of soil with slow permeabil
19、ity, a high watertable, additional water from seepage, or a combination of theseproperties. The presence of soil mottling (spots of differentcolors: for example, yellowish, reddish, grayish, brownish)indicates poor drainage and limited aeration in a soil. Coarsetextured, excessively drained soils ca
20、n be used, but irrigationmust be provided because these soils have limited capacity tohold plant available water. County soil survey reports, avail-able for inspection at local offices of the United StatesDepartment of Agriculture or at county cooperative extensionoffices, can be used to obtain info
21、rmation on the properties ofnatural soils at a given location. Relationships between generaltextural terms, textural classes, and permeability are shown inAppendix X1. In some cases, consideration may be given tomodifying fine- or medium-textured soils by adding andincorporating sand into the surfac
22、e to obtain 8 to 12 cm ofmodified soil (rootzone). The amount of sand required toeffectively modify a soil (to increase permeability) will varydepending on the soil and sand properties; however, a mini-mum of 60 % sand on a volume basis will probably be neededto ensure good internal drainage when th
23、e soil is compacted(1).3Prior to turf establishment, apply lime and fertilizer asrequired, based on soil test results. During final surfacepreparation, all debris and any stones greater than 1 cm indiameter should be raked from the surface 1.5 cm of soil.5.1.2 Artificial (man-made) profiles are ofte
24、n used onhighly-trafficked turfgrass areas. In general, a coarse-texturedtopsoil or a rootzone, prepared by mixing soil and sand toobtain a well-drained growing medium, is placed on a drainageblanket of gravel, which provides subsurface drainage. A falsewater table is formed at the interface of the
25、rootzone and thedrainage layer. Water will not move readily from the finer-textured rootzone into the gravel layer until the water contentis at or near saturation at the interface. If fine- or medium-textured soils are used for the rootzone in such profiles, theywill remain too wet; however, in the
26、case of coarse-texturedrootzones, the increased water retention is a benefit. Suchprofiles are commonly used for golf putting greens (2).Iftheparticle size differential between the topsoil and gravel layer isgreat, an intermediate layer is placed on the gravel to preventin-washing of the rootzone. S
27、ome soil laboratories test soils foruse on putting greens. Their services could also be used toevaluate soils for tennis courts, especially when modified-soilrootzone profiles will be used. Steps in constructing a tenniscourt with a modified-soil rootzone profile follow:5.1.2.1 Excavate to a depth e
28、qual to the depth of settledlayers within the profile (approximately 40 cm). Compact thesubgrade. The subgrade should be parallel to the finishedgrade, which should have a slope of 0.8 to 1.0 % to providesurface drainage. The slope may be either widthwise orlengthwise, depending on site.5.1.2.2 Exca
29、vate trenches (approximately 20-cm wide and20-cm deep) in compacted subgrade for drainage pipe (lateraland main lines), with no more than 10 m between laterals.Remove excavated material or spread it evenly over thesubgrade between trenches. Drainage pipe should have adiameter of approximately 10 cm.
30、 Corrugated, perforated,plastic drainage pipe (tubing) conforming to SpecificationF405 is recommended. Non-perforated pipe can be usedoutside the drainage area to carry water to a suitable surfacedrainage area or storm drain.5.1.2.3 Place drainage pipe ona5to10-cm bed of gravel intrenches. Minimum g
31、rade for drainage pipe is 1.0 %. Use laseror other appropriate equipment to maintain accurate grades.5.1.2.4 Cover the drainage pipe and subgrade witha7to10-cm layer of washed gravel or crushed rock. Do not use softor easily-weathered materials in this layer. Gravel shouldconsist of hard, durable pa
32、rticles of natural gravel or crushedstone or rock that will not degrade when alternately wetted anddried or frozen and thawed. The particle size of the gravelshould meet the following specifications.(1) Ninety to 100 % (weight basis) passing 12.5-mm(0.5-in.) sieve.(2) Minimum of 50 % passing 9.5 mm
33、(0.375 inch) andretained on 6.3-mm (0.25-in.) sieve.(3) Maximum of 10 % passing 2.36-mm (No. 8) sieve.(4) Uniformity coefficient:d90/d10 3(d90 andd10 referto the diameter below which 90 % and 10 % of the particlesfall, as determined from a particle size accumulation curve.(5) Coarse aggregate size N
34、os. 7 and 8 (see SpecificationC33) should receive consideration.(6) Grading requirements for size Nos. 7 and 8 are asfollows:SieveDesignationSize78% passing19.0 mm (0.75 in.) 100 . . .12.5 mm (0.50 in.) 90 to 100 1009.5 mm (0.375 in.) 40 to 70 85 to 1004.75 mm (No. 4) 0 to 15 10 to 302.36 mm (No. 8)
35、 0 to 5 0 to 101.18 mm (No. 16) . . . 0 to 55.1.2.5 Place intermediate layer of 5 to 7-cm thickness onthe gravel layer. Material in this layer should have a minimumof 90 % of the particles between 1 and 4 mm. This intermediatelayer is placed in the profile to ensure no in-washing of theoverlying roo
36、tzone material into gravel.5.1.2.6 Place 25 cm of rootzone material onto the interme-diate layer. This should be performed by placing layers of 5 to6 cm and firming by light rolling or heeling (walking over areaon heels of shoes) after each layer is placed. Firming therootzone in this manner during
37、placement will ensure thatsettling of the rootzone soil after establishment is minimized.The rootzone should have a sand content between 70 to 85 %.Growing media with higher sand contents can support turfgrass3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis stan
38、dard.F1953 102growth and provide even greater internal drainage, which couldprovide for quicker use of the court following rainfall;however, excessively sandy rootzone mixes can produce un-stable footing and be abrasive to the turfgrass such that it maybe difficult in reestablishing turfgrass in wor
39、n areas. This isbecause excessively sandy rootsone mixes have low waterretention for supporting growth of damaged and recoveringturfgrass and movement of the rootzone soil during subsequentplay will continue to disrupt or prevent rooting and reestab-lishment of the damaged/recovering turfgrass. When
40、 sand andother soil materials are mixed to create the rootzone, the sandamendment should be uniform in size with 85 % of theparticles between 0.5 and 2.0 mm or between 0.25 and 1.0 mm.Well-graded sands are not as effective as uniform sands formodifying soils to create better internal drainage. Organ
41、icamendments, such as peat, may be added (generally in amountsequal to 10 to 20 % by volume). Organic amendments willincrease water and nutrient retention, an important consider-ation in very sandy rootzones. The rootzone mix should bescreened to remove material greater than 6.3 mm (0.25 in.); orif
42、not screened, raked thoroughly after placement to removematerial greater than 1 cm from the surface 1.5 cm of rootzoneprofile. Screening is a usual practice in the preparation ofrootzone mixes by sports field contractors or soil suppliers, orboth.As with native topsoils, use soil test results as a g
43、uide forliming and fertilization.5.2 SlopeFinal grade should provide for an 0.8 to 1.0 %slope (1-cm fall in 100 to 120 cm) across the width or lengthof the court. Use laser or other suitable equipment to ensureaccurate grade. The surface slope is important for removingexcess water during periods of
44、intense rainfall. This slope isessential on all courts regardless of soil type.5.3 OrientationThe long dimension of the court should beclose to a north to south direction. Such an orientationminimizes the times when the low early morning or eveningsun will be directly in players eyes.5.4 Species Sel
45、ectionSpecies that adapt to the close mow-ing on golf greens will also do well on tennis courts. Select acreeping bentgrass, Agrostis stolonifera L. var. palustris(Huds.) Farw., as a cool-season turfgrass or hybridbermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon C. transvaalensis (L.) Pers.,as a warm-season grass. Wh
46、ere bermudagrass is overseededwith cool-season grasses in the winter, select species that havedone well in winter overseeding of golf greens (for example,perennial ryegrass). Check with other court owners, county orstate extension personnel, golf course superintendents, orseed/spring/sod suppliers f
47、or cultivars (varieties) best adaptedto your area. Grasses other than creeping bentgrass andbermudagrass are used on tennis courts (3). Colonial bentgrassis used with creeping bentgrass in some cases. Annual blue-grass has invaded some courts and has become a majorcomponent. Fine fescues and perenni
48、al ryegrasses have beenused alone and in combination, but should not be as closelymowed as the bentgrasses and annual bluegrass.5.5 Turfgrasses may be propagated vegetatively or by seed.Creeping bentgrass is usually seeded or sodded. Turf-typebermudagrasses are vegetatively propagated by planting sp
49、rigs(stolons, rhizomes, and tillers), by broadcasting sprigs and thentopdressing with a soil, or by sodding. If the area is sodded,care must be taken to make sure that the soil on the sod closelymatches the texture of the topsoil or top mix. Contrasts intexture of these soil sources can impede water movement androoting of the grass. To avoid even minor soil differences, usewashed sod (soil removed by washing after sod is harvested).Also, any soil used to topdress seed or sprigs should match thatalready in place.5.6 Wear DistributionCreating a larger area than needed
