1、Designation: F2263 14Standard Test Method forEvaluating the Oxidative Resistance of Polyethylene (PE)Pipe to Chlorinated Water1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2263; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method describes the general requirements forevaluating the long-term, chlorinated water, ox
3、idative resis-tance of polyethylene (PE), used in cold water supply orservice systems by exposure to chlorinated water. This testmethod outlines the requirements of a pressurized flow-throughtest system, typical test pressures, test-fluid characteristics,failure type, and data analysis.NOTE 1Other k
4、nown disinfecting systems (chlorine dioxide, ozone,and chloramine) are currently used for protection of potable water;however, free-chlorine is by far the most common system in use today.Disinfecting systems other than chlorine have not been evaluated by thismethod.1.2 Guidelines and requirements fo
5、r test temperatures, testhoop stresses, and other test criteria have been established byprior testing of PE pipe. Other related system components thattypically appear in a PE cold water supply or service systemcan be evaluated with the PE pipe. When testing PE pipe andfittings as a system, it is rec
6、ommended that the anticipatedend-use fitting type(s) and material(s) be included in the testcircuit since it is known that some fitting types and materialscan impact failure times. Specimens used shall be representa-tive of the piping product(s) and material(s) under investiga-tion.NOTE 2The procedu
7、res described in this test method (with somemodifications of test temperatures or stresses, or both) have been used toevaluate pipes manufactured from polybutylene (PB), crosslinked poly-ethylene (PEX), polypropylene (PP), multilayer (polymer-metalcomposite), copper, and stainless steel.1.3 This tes
8、t method is applicable to PE pipe and systemsused for transport of potable water containing free-chlorine fordisinfecting purposes. The oxidizing potential of the test-fluidspecified in this test method exceeds that typically found inpotable water systems across the United States.1.4 The values stat
9、ed in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to thetest method portion, Section 12, of this spec
10、ification.Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Reference
11、d Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1600 Terminology forAbbreviated Terms Relating to Plas-ticsD2122 Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Ther-moplastic Pipe and FittingsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodF412 Terminology Relating to Plas
12、tic Piping Systems2.2 ISO Standards:ISO 9080 Thermoplastic Pipe for Transport of FluidsMethods of Extrapolation of Hydrostatic Stress RuptureData to Determine the Long Term Strength of Thermo-plastic Pipe32.3 Plastics Pipe Institute (PPI) Document:TN-16 Rate Process Method for Projecting Performance
13、 ofPolyethylene Piping Components42.4 American Water Works Association (AWWA) Document:1996 WATER: STATS Survey53. Terminology3.1 Definitions:1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on PlasticPiping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.40 on TestMeth
14、ods.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2014. Published September 2014. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as F226307(2011). DOI:10.1520/F2263-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For
15、 Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from Plastics Pipe Institute (PPI), 105 Decker C
16、ourt, Suite 825,Irving, TX 75062, http:/www.plasticpipe.org.5Available from American Water Works Association (AWWA), 6666 W. QuincyAve., Denver, CO 80235, http:/www.awwa.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C
17、700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the
18、World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.1.1 Definitions are in accordance with Terminology F412and abbreviations are in accordance with Terminology D1600,unless otherwise indicated.3.1.2 brittle failure (Stage II), nfailure in the pipe wallthat is characterized by lit
19、tle or no material deformation in thefailure area and is the result of a single crack emanating fromthe interior of the pipe to the outside surface typically resultingin a pinhole leak, see Fig. 1.3.1.2.1 oxidatively induced brittle failure (Stage II), natype of brittle failure (Stage II) that is ch
20、aracterized byembrittlement of the interior surface of the pipe. This type ofStage II failure is developed through oxidative degradation ofthe surface of the inner wall of the piping material. Guidelinesfor identifying the failures are provided in Appendix X3.3.1.3 cold water supply or service syste
21、m, na combinationof components such as pipe, fittings, valves, and so forth, thatwhen installed as a complete system, make up the water supplysystem.3.1.4 ductile failure (Stage I), nfailure in the pipe wall thatis characterized by obvious localized deformation of thematerial visible with the unaide
22、d eye, see Fig. 1. Ductilefailures produced with this test method shall not be used fordata analysis.3.1.5 environmental or oxidative failure (Stage III),nfailure in the pipe wall characterized by a large number ofcracks emanating from the interior surface of the pipe wall, seeFig. 1.3.1.6 long-term
23、 oxidative resistance, nthe extrapolatedtime-to-failure prediction as determined by analysis of time-to-failure test data by multiple linear regression utilizing therate process method of PPI TN-16 or three parameter model ofISO 9080.3.1.7 multiple linear regression, na three or four coeffi-cient ma
24、thematical model used to analyze time-to-failure datafrom different temperatures and stresses to extrapolate pro-jected time-to-failure at selected temperatures or stresses.3.1.8 oxidation reduction potential (ORP), noxidationreduction potential (ORP), n-a measure of the total oxidizingpower of a so
25、lution by means of a platinum-redox electrode.For a further explanation of ORP see Appendix X2.3.1.9 unaided eye, nobservable without visual enhance-ment beyond correction for normal vision.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The PE pipe/fitting assemblies are exposed to pressur-ized test-fluid until failu
26、re. All time-to-failure data used foranalysis shall be the result of the same failure mode, either alloxidatively induced Stage II or all Stage III. A minimumnumber of test temperature and hoop stress conditions arerequired to allow accurate data analysis and time-to-failureextrapolations.5. Signifi
27、cance and Use5.1 Environment or oxidative time-to-fail data derived fromthis test method, analyzed in accordance with Section 13, aresuitable for extrapolation to typical end-use temperatures andhoop stresses. The extrapolated value(s) provides a relativeindication of the resistance of the tested PE
28、 pipe or system tothe oxidative effects of chlorinated water for conditions equiva-lent to those conditions under which the test data wereobtained. The performance of a material or piping productunder actual conditions of installation and use is dependentupon a number of factors including installati
29、on methods, usepatterns, water quality, nature and magnitude of localizedstresses, and other variables of an actual, operating cold watersupply or service system that are not addressed in this testmethod. As such, the extrapolated values do not constitute arepresentation that a PE pipe or system wit
30、h a given extrapo-lated time-to-failure value will perform for that period of timeunder actual use conditions.5.2 This test method has been generally used for evaluatingoxidatively induced Stage II or Stage III failure data.6. Apparatus6.1 Pressurized Flow-Through Test SystemA system com-prised of t
31、he necessary pump(s), fittings, piping, heaters,sensors, and meters that is capable of maintaining the requiredtest pressures within the tolerance specified in 9.1.3, therequired test temperatures within the tolerance of 9.1.2, andflow the test-fluid through the specimens continually at a flowrate w
32、ithin the tolerance specified in 9.1.4. Cyclic pressurevariations, such as those produced by some pumping systems,shall not produce pressure excursions that exceed the tolerancestated in 9.1.3.6.2 Specimen HoldersTest specimens shall be supportedto minimize or eliminate externally induced stresses.
33、Speci-mens shall be allowed to freely expand bi-directionally.7. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units7.1 SamplingSelect at random, a sufficient amount of pipeto satisfy the specimen requirements of this test method. Whentesting as a system, randomly select a sufficient quantity offittings.7.2 Te
34、st Specimen SizeThe recommended minimum pipesize is12 CTS, and common test sizes are12 in. CTS and 4 in.FIG. 1 Pictorial Illustration of Failure TypesF2263 142IPS. The PE pipe specimens shall be 12 to 18 in. (300 to 460mm) in length between fitting closures or between fitting joints.7.2.1 Dimensions
35、 MeasurementMeasure and record thecritical dimensions for pipe and fittings. For pipe, measure theaverage outside diameter and wall-thickness in accordancewith Test Method D2122. For fittings, measure those dimen-sions critical to the function of the joint, as well as minimumbody wall thickness.7.3
36、Testing as a SystemWhen testing PE pipe and relatedsystem components (such as fittings) as a system, the othercomponents shall be attached to the PE pipe in the samemanner as in actual service. For fittings, the particular fittingstyle shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturersinstructi
37、ons or the ASTM specification when applicable.7.4 Minimum Required Test UnitsA minimum of six testunits is required. A test unit is comprised of two or moreindividual time-to-failure data points at the same temperatureand hoop stress condition. Obtaining additional data points ateach temperature/hoo
38、p stress condition will benefit statisticalreliability of the analysis of the resultant data.7.4.1 Test Unit DistributionTime-to-failure data pointsshall be obtained at 2 test hoop stresses at each of a minimumof 3 test temperatures for a minimum of 12 data points. As analternate, obtain time-to-fai
39、lure data for the temperature/hoopstress combinations of the three-temperature matrix of PPITN-16, see Note 3. Hoop stresses shall be separated by a least80 psi (0.55 MPa).NOTE 3When using the PPI TN-16 matrix, Temperature T3, whichrequires testing at only one stress, refers to the lowest test tempe
40、rature.7.4.2 Test Temperature Selection Temperatures of 90C(194F), 80C (176F), and 70C (158F) have been utilized inprior testing of PE, see Note 4.Adjacent test temperatures shallbe separated by at least 18F (10C). Other test temperaturesmay be used, but the maximum test temperature shall notexceed
41、95C (203F).NOTE 4Prior testing indicates that for the test temperatures stated in7.4.2, hoop stresses to yield oxidatively induced Stage II failures withinreasonable testing times are between 360 psi (2.48 MPa) and 480 psi (3.31MPa). For a SDR 9 tube, those hoop stresses correspond to test pressures
42、of 90 psig (620 kPa) to 120 psig (830 kPa). Target lower stresses to yieldStage III failures. If a selected test hoop stress produces Stage I or StageII failures, the stress will need to be reduced to produce all oxidativelyinduced Stage II or all Stage III failures at all temperatures.7.4.2.1 Relat
43、ionship of Internal Pressure to Hoop StressThe hoop stress in the pipe wall is calculated by the followingexpression, commonly known as the ISO equation:2S/P 5 DR 2 1 (1)or2S/P 5 Do/t! 2 1 (2)where:S = stress in the circumferential or hoop direction, psi(MPa),P = internal pressure, psig (kPa),t = mi
44、nimum wall thickness, in. (mm),DR = dimension ratio, DR, andDo= average outside diameter, in. (mm).8. Calibration and Standardization8.1 Measuring EquipmentAll measuring and testingequipment having an effect on the accuracy or validity of thecalibrations or tests shall be calibrated or verified, or
45、both,before being put into service.9. Test Fluid9.1 Internal Test FluidThe test fluid shall be reverseosmosis (RO) or deionized (DI) water prepared in accordancewith 9.1.1.9.1.1 RO or DI Water Test-Fluid PreparationTest fluidprepared from RO or DI water shall have a pH in the rangefrom 6.5 to 8.0 an
46、d contain 2.5 ppm to 5 ppm (milligrams perlitre) of free-chlorine. Testing shall be conducted with the samenominal pH and free-chlorine concentration for all test units.The chosen pH shall be maintained to 6 0.2 and the chosenfree-chlorine concentration shall be maintained to 6 0.2 ppm.The pH and fr
47、ee-chlorine concentration combination shallyield a minimum ORP of 825 mV for the test fluid.9.1.2 Test Fluid Temperature ControlThe test fluid enter-ing each specimen shall be maintained to 61.8F (61C) ofthe test temperature.9.1.3 Pressure ControlThe pressure of the test fluid shallbe maintained to
48、63 psig (620.69 kPa).9.1.4 Test Fluid Flow RateThe flow rate shall be selectedsuch that the average ORP of the test fluid exiting the testspecimens remains above 825 mV. The same nominal flow rateshall be used for all test specimens. Flow rate shall bemaintained 6 10% of the nominal flow rate.NOTE 5
49、It has been established that, for nominal size12 in. CTS SDR9 tubing, a minimum flow rate of 0.06 usgpm (0.23 LPM), and for 4 in.IPS pipe, a minimum flow rate of 0.125 usgpm (0.47 LPM), meets thisrequirement.NOTE 6The test flow rates are not intended to replicate applicationin-service flow rates. A continuous flow of test fluid is required toreplenish the chlorine consumed in the test. The flow rate is selected tomaintain the oxidative strength (ORP) of the fluid within specification.Different test configurations may require differe
