1、Designation: F2278 10a (Reapproved 2014) An American National StandardStandard Test Method forEvaluating Paintball Barrier Netting1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2278; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis standard is intended to provide a basic test method that would allow the user to determine the
3、effectiveness of paintball barrier netting. The use of safe paintball barrier netting at paintball playingfacilities is critical to protect non-players from accidental impact of a paintball.This specification is written within the current state-of-the-art of paintball barrier nettingtechnology. The
4、intent is to revise this specification whenever substantive information becomesavailable which justifies revising existing requirements or adding new requirements.1. Scope1.1 This test method is designed to evaluate paintball barriernetting that may be used to delineate playing fields, chrono-graph
5、areas, target ranges, and other “goggle-on” areas of anactive paintball site. An apparatus is suggested to evaluatepaintball barrier netting in a laboratory. On site testing does notrequire such an apparatus.1.2 This standard is designed to be used in conjunction withGuide F2184.1.3 The values state
6、d in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard; the inch-pound units in parentheses are provided forinformation only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-pria
7、te safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1979 Specification for Paintballs Used in the Sport ofPaintballF2184 Guide for Installation of Paintball Barrier NettingF2272 Specification for Paintball
8、 Markers3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 caliber, nthe term used to refer to the size of apaintball projectile. Related to the measurement of the diam-eter of the paintball as described in Specification F1979.3.1.2 “goggles-on” area, nareas in which all persons
9、arerequired to wear paintball goggles, such as and not limited toplaying fields, game areas, chronograph areas, and targetranges.3.1.3 muzzle, nthe end of the paintball marker throughwhich the paintball is discharged, also referred to as the end ofthe barrel.3.1.4 paintball, na spherical ball compri
10、sed of a shell anda fill, designed to be expelled from a paintball marker andconforms to Specification F1979.3.1.5 paintball barrier netting, nnetting used in the sportof paintball as a protective barrier.3.1.6 paintball marker, na device specifically designed todischarge paintballs. The device is s
11、ometimes referred to as apaintball gun.3.1.7 playing field, nan area delineated by a boundarymarker, in which paintball games are conducted.3.1.8 shell, na rigid to semi-rigid material (generally ofgelatin) that encapsulates the fill of a paintball.3.1.9 standard ambient temperature (SAT), nused to
12、de-scribe a substance at a temperature of 25 6 2C (77 6 4F).4. Significance and Use4.1 This method is performed to evaluate if paintball barriernetting will prevent an intact paintball or shell fragmentsexceeding 3 by 5 mm (0.118 by 0.197 in.) from passingthrough the netting.1This test method is und
13、er the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F08.24 on Paintball and Equipment.Current edition approved May 1, 2014. Published September 2014. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved
14、in 2010 as F2278 10a. DOI:10.1520/F2278-10AR14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM
15、 International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.2 This test method provides accurate results about thecurrent effectiveness of the test specimen when field-tested inan existing installation. Laboratory results are particularlyuseful for testing t
16、he relative effectiveness of multiple testspecimens.4.3 The results stemming from the use of this test methodmay be used to evaluate the effectiveness of paintball barriernetting represented by the test specimen for use in delineating“goggles-on” areas found at paintball playing fields.4.4 The base
17、procedure outlined below is applicable to“field-testing.” Additional requirements for “laboratory” test-ing are noted.5. Interferences5.1 Laboratory testing does not account for variations thatcan be found in field tests. These variations include and are notlimited to temperature, UV exposure, wind
18、direction,precipitation, and method of installation.5.1.1 This test method is also useful to evaluate the relativeperformance of one test specimen to another, particularly in thelaboratory.6. Apparatus6.1 Paintball Marker or Markers, of various calibers, ca-pable of discharging paintballs horizontal
19、ly at a speed of 94.56 6 m/s (310 6 20 ft/s) and conforming to SpecificationF2272.6.2 Paintballs, of the required calibers, per SpecificationF1979.6.3 Equipment employed to measure the speed of the testpaintball shall be used in accordance with the manufacturersinstructions to measure the velocity o
20、f paintballs and shall beaccurate to within 60.5 m/s (61.6 ft/s) muzzle velocity.6.4 An appropriate backstop placed 30.5 6 2.5 cm (12 6 1in.) directly behind and parallel to the test specimen. Thebackstop shall be a minimum of 244 6 5cm(966 2 in.) highand 122 6 5cm(486 2 in.). The backstop shall be
21、a hard,smooth surface that can withstand the impact of a paintball andcan be readily cleaned (see Fig. 1).6.5 If testing in a laboratory, the following apparatus shallbe used:6.5.1 Paintball Barrier Netting Rack, see Figs. 2 and 3. Thisrack is capable of holding the 244 6 5cm(966 2 in.) testspecimen
22、 off the floor and providing vertical support 122 6 1cm (48 6 0.5 in.) apart at the center of the test specimen (seeFigs. 2 and 3). The bottom crossbar must have a minimumlength of 2.74 m (108 in.) and a weight of 5.6 6 0.1 kg (12.36 0.2 lb).7. Hazards7.1 Failure of the test specimen, particularly i
23、f an intactpaintball passes through the test specimen, will render the testspecimen unusable until the test specimen is repaired orreplaced.8. Test Specimen8.1 The test specimen shall consist of paintball barriernetting installed in actual use conditions, or8.2 For laboratory test only:8.2.1 The top
24、 of the test specimen is draped over the topcrossbar and fastened to itself with tie-wraps spaced 15.2 6 1cm (6 6 0.5 in.) apart. The tie-wraps must encircle the topcrossbar.8.2.2 The bottom of the test specimen is draped over thebottom crossbar (on the same side as the top) and fastened toitself wi
25、th tie-wraps spaced 15.2 6 1cm(66 0.5 in.) apart,such that the overall length of the test specimen, including thepipes, is 244 6 5cm(966 2 in.). The tie-wraps must encirclethe bottom crossbar.8.2.3 The test specimen is suspended on the test rack withthe paintball barrier netting flush, against the t
26、est rack and nottouching the floor.8.3 The test specimen shall have a minimum horizontaldimension of 305 6 5 cm (120 6 2 in.) and a minimumvertical dimension of 244 6 5cm(966 2 in.).9. Conditioning9.1 The paintball barrier netting to be tested will be condi-tioned for at least 4 h. If tested in a la
27、boratory, the paintballbarrier netting will be conditioned at SAT.9.2 All testing shall be done using paintballs manufacturedwithin the previous eight months.9.3 Paintball storage and the non-test handling shall be doneat a relative humidity below 65 % and at SAT.9.4 Paintballs shall be conditioned
28、in their original sealedcontainer for at least4hatthehumidity and temperaturespecified in 9.1.9.5 The testing shall be conducted at SAT for laboratorytests. Testing shall be completed within 10 min after removal ofthe paintball from the sealed container. The paintball containershall be resealed imme
29、diately after each paintball is removed.10. Procedure10.1 The paintball marker shall be adjusted so that thevelocity of a paintball discharged from the marker will be 94.56 6 m/s (310 6 20 ft/s).FIG. 1 Testing Apparatus LayoutF2278 10a (2014)210.2 The muzzle of the paintball marker shall be placed a
30、t adistance of 4.6 m (15 ft) from the test specimen.10.3 The muzzle of the paintball marker shall be placednominally normal to the test specimen, at a distance of 154 615 cm (60 6 6 in.) from the bottom and centered horizontallyto the middle of the test specimen.10.3.1 If an area to be tested is abo
31、ve 154 6 15 cm (60 66 in.), the bottom of the test specimen, the muzzle, will bemaintained at 154 6 15 cm (60 6 6 in.) and the marker aimedat the test are, immediately vertical from the nominally normalposition.10.4 In a safe manner, discharge ten paintballs that impactthe test specimen at a distanc
32、e of 4.6 m (15 ft) within a 15.4 cm(6 in.) diameter circle centered 154 6 15 cm (60 6 6 in.) fromthe bottom and centered horizontally to the middle of the testspecimen, at 1-s intervals between discharges.10.5 Observe any material passing through the paintballbarrier netting, noting if the netting a
33、llows intact paintballs orshell fragments greater than 3 by 5 mm (0.118 by 0.197 in.) topass through.10.6 Paintball barrier netting that does allow an intactpaintball or a shell fragment larger than 3 by 5 mm (0.118 by0.197 in.) to pass through during this test procedure will berecorded as failed.10
34、.7 This test is to be completed with the largest andsmallest calibers of paintball that the subject paintball barriernetting is intended to prevent an intact paintball or shellfragments exceeding 3 by 5 mm (0.118 by 0.197 in.) frompassing through.10.8 In laboratory test situations record the date, t
35、ime, airtemperature, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, and re-sults of the test at the time of testing.11. Product Marking11.1 The manufacturer or distributor of the paintball barriernetting will supply the initial purchaser information regardingthe caliber(s) of paintball with which the nett
36、ing has beentested to be effective.11.2 This information will also include a statement that willconvey the following: “This paintball barrier netting has beentested to meet or exceed ASTM F2278, Standard Test Methodfor Evaluating Paintball Barrier Netting. In order for thisproduct to provide optimum
37、 performance it is strongly recom-mended that it be installed as described in ASTM F2184,Standard Guide for Installation of Paintball Barrier Netting.”12. Precision and Bias12.1 No precision statement on the test method is availableat this time.13. Keywords13.1 paintball; paintball barrier netting;
38、paintball markers;paintball sportsFIG. 2 Netting Test Rack (Front View)F2278 10a (2014)3ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of
39、 the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.
40、Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comme
41、nts have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or m
42、ultiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 3 Netting Test Rack (Side View)F2278 10a (2014)4
