1、Designation: F2396 11Am American National StandardStandard Guide forConstruction of High Performance Sand-Based Rootzonesfor Athletic Fields1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2396; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the c
2、ase of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers techniques that are appropriate for theconstruction of high performance
3、 sand-based rootzones forsports fields. This guide provides guidance for the selection ofmaterials, including soil, sand, gravel, peat, and so forth, foruse in designing and constructing sand-based sports turfrootzones.1.2 Decisions in selecting construction and maintenancetechniques are influenced
4、by existing soil types, climaticfactors, level of play, intensity and frequency of use, equipmentavailable, budget and training, and the ability of managementpersonnel.1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specific courseof action
5、. This document cannot replace education or experi-ence and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This guide is not intended to represent orreplace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a givenprofessiona
6、l service must be judged, nor should this documentbe applied without consideration of a projects many uniqueaspects. The word “standard” in the title of this documentmeans only that the document has been approved through theASTM consensus process.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
7、as thestandard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport toaddress all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with itsuse. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard
8、 toestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C88 Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use ofSodium Sulfate or Magnesium SulfateC131 Test Method for Resistance to Degradat
9、ion of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the LosAngeles MachineC1444 Test Method for Measuring the Angle of Repose ofFree-Flowing Mold Powders3D422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of SoilsD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard E
10、ffort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D1883 Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) ofLaboratory-Compacted SoilsD1997 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of theFiber Content of Peat Samples by Dry MassD2944 Test Method of Sampling Processed Peat MaterialsD2974 Test Methods for Moisture,Ash
11、, and Organic Matterof Peat and Other Organic SoilsD2976 Test Method for pH of Peat MaterialsD2980 Test Method for Volume Mass, Moisture-HoldingCapacity, and Porocity of Saturated Peat MaterialsD3080 Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils UnderConsolidated Drained ConditionsD4427 Classification
12、of Peat Samples by Laboratory Test-ingD4972 Test Method for pH of SoilsF1632 Test Method for Particle Size Analysis and SandShape Grading of Golf Course Putting Green and SportsField Rootzone MixesF1647 Test Methods for Organic Matter Content of Putting1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM C
13、ommittee F08 on SportsEquipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.64 onNatural Playing Surfaces.Current edition approved April 1, 2011. Published May 2011. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as F2396 04. DOI:10.1520/F2396-11.2For refe
14、renced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is r
15、eferencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Green and Sports Turf Root Zone MixesF1815 Test Methods for Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity,Water Retention, Porosity, and Bulk Density of PuttingGreen and Spo
16、rts Turf Root ZonesF2060 Guide for Maintaining Cool Season Turfgrasses onAthletic FieldsF2107 Guide for Construction and Maintenance of SkinnedAreas on Baseball and Softball FieldsF2269 Guide for Maintaining Warm Season Turfgrasses onAthletic FieldsF2651 Terminology Relating to Soil and Turfgrass Ch
17、arac-teristics of Natural Playing Surfaces3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Except as noted, soil-related definitions are in accor-dance with Terminology F2651.NOTE 1Particle size ranges for sand, silt, and clay used in thisstandard vary somewhat from ranges given in Test Method D422.4. Significan
18、ce and Use4.1 A dense, uniform, smooth, and vigorously growingnatural turfgrass sports field provides the ideal and preferredplaying surface for most outdoor field sports. Such a surface ispleasing to the spectators and athletes. A thick, consistent, andsmooth grass cover also increases playing qual
19、ity and safety byproviding stable footing for the athletes, cushioning theirimpact from falls, slides, or tackles, and cools the playingsurface during hot weather. Sand is commonly used to con-struct high performance sports turf rootzone systems. Sand ischosen as the primary construction material fo
20、r two basicproperties, compaction resistance and improved drainage/aeration state. Sands are more resistant to compaction thanfiner soil materials when played upon within a wide range ofsoil moisture conditions. A loamy soil that may provide a morestable surface and enhanced growing media compared t
21、o sandunder optimal or normal conditions will quickly compact anddeteriorate in condition if used in periods of excessive soilmoisture, such as during or following a rainy season. Aproperly constructed sand-based rootzone, on the other hand,will resist compaction even during wet periods. Once com-pa
22、cted, sands are easier to decompact with the use of mechani-cal aeration equipment. Even when compacted, sands willretain an enhanced drainage and aeration state compared tonative soil rootzones under the same level of traffic. As such,sand-based rootzones are more conducive to providing anall-weath
23、er type of playing surface. Properties of both the soiland grass plants must be considered in planning, constructing,and maintaining a high quality sports turf installation. Turf-grass utilized must be adapted to the local growing conditionsand be capable of forming a thick, dense, turf cover at the
24、desired mowing height. Unvegetated sand in and of itself is notinherently stable; therefore, it is imperative that grasses withsuperior wear tolerance and superior recuperative potential areutilized to withstand heavy foot traffic and intense shear forces.Sand does, however, have incredible load bea
25、ring capacity andif a dense, uniform turf cover is maintained, the sand-basedsystem can provide a very stable, firm, smooth, and uniformplaying surface. A successful sand-based rootzone system isdependent upon the proper selection of materials to use in theproject. The proper selection of sand, orga
26、nic amendment, soiland gravel is of vital concern to the performance of the systemand this guide addresses these issues.4.1.1 During construction, consideration should be given tofactors such as the physical and chemical properties of mate-rials used in the area, freedom from stones and other debris
27、,and surface and internal drainage.4.1.2 Maintenance practices that influence the playability ofthe surface include mowing, irrigation, fertilization, and me-chanical aeration and are factors addressed in other standards(see Guides F2060 and F2269).4.2 Those responsible for the design, construction,
28、 or main-tenance, or a combination thereof, of natural turf athletic fieldsfor high-performance, all-weather purposes will benefit fromthis guide.4.3 A successful project development depends upon properplanning and upon the selection of and cooperation amongdesign and construction team members. A hi
29、gh-performance,sand-based rootzone project design team should include aproject designer, an agronomist or soil scientist, or both, and anowners representative. Additions to the team during theconstruction phase should include an owners project manager(often an expansion of role for the owners repres
30、entative), anowners quality control agent (often the personnel that isemployed in advance with the intent of becoming the finishedprojects sports field manager), an owners testing agent (oftenan expansion of roles for the projects agronomist/soil scien-tist), and the contractor.4.3.1 Planning for pr
31、ojects must be conducted well inadvance of the intended construction date. This often requiresnumerous meetings to create a calendar of events, schedule,approvals, assessments, performance criteria, material sourc-ing, geotechnical reports, and construction budgets.NOTE 2Other specifications on soil
32、s for athletic field constructionhave been published and have been considered during the development ofthis guide.5. Construction5.1 The steps to be used in construction of a new athleticfield include:5.1.1 Survey and stake the site to establish subgrade andfinish grade elevations.5.1.2 Construct an
33、d prepare subgrade, and provide a correctand certified subgrade.5.1.3 Install subsurface drainage system, frame out warningtracks, skinned areas, and so forth, as appropriate.5.1.4 Install irrigation system (irrigation system may beinstalled prior to rootzone installation).5.1.5 Prepare for rootzone
34、 installation.5.1.5.1 Secure suitable sand, properly tested and approved.5.1.5.2 Blend any amendments with sand to project speci-fications, approve using QC program.5.1.5.3 Install approved gravel (if included in design).5.1.6 Install rootzone blend.5.1.7 Bring field to final grade and contour in ac
35、cordancewith specifications, compact to specifications.F2396 1125.1.7.1 A pre-plant fertilizer application may be applied atthis point as specified.5.1.8 Establish turf by appropriate methods (seed, sprigs,plugs or sod).5.1.9 Fertilize the installation as appropriate based upon soiltesting.5.1.10 Tu
36、rf is to be established based upon grow-in recom-mendations from a competent agronomist or soil testinglaboratory, as appropriate for the turf species utilized and theclimate of the site.5.2 Survey and StakeThis procedure should be done toconform to the project designers specifications as appropriat
37、efor the sport. In the case of the construction of a replacementfield, this step may be deleted or modified as appropriate. Careshould be taken to protect staking during the constructionprocess.5.3 Construct and Prepare SubgradeContour the sub-grade in accordance with specifications at a suggested t
38、oler-ance of 612.5 mm (12 in.) within 3 m (10 ft) of linear directionas specified in 5.5.6. The subgrade should be installed at adepth such to accommodate the final profile depth of rootzoneand any gravel layer (if included). The subgrade should becompacted sufficiently (suggested 85 % minimum to 90
39、 %maximum proctor density) to prevent future settling. Subgradeshould be designed to conform to surface contour of finishedplaying surface.5.4 Subsurface Drainage SystemMany types of designsexist for subsurface drainage most commonly including a gridor herringbone pattern. The project specifications
40、 should in-clude a subsurface drainage design to facilitate drainage for a25 year storm event. Most commonly used drainage systemsfor sand-based athletic fields include utilizing perforated drain-lines 10 cm (4 in.) in a 4.5 m (15 ft) to 6 m (20 ft) spacingbetween drainline laterals.5.4.1 Drainline
41、TrenchesTrenches constructed for drain-lines should be excavated into a properly prepared, graded, andcompacted subgrade. Drainage trenches should be of a depthsuch to conform to the drainage contours.All drainage trenchesand drainline installations should maintain a minimum positiveslope gradient o
42、f $0.5 % toward drainage outlets with trenchbottoms compacted to subgrade specifications. Drainage exca-vations should be made such that a minimum of 5 cm (2 in.) ofbedding material can be contained around the installed drain-line (below, to each side, and above). For example, a 10 cm (4in.) diamete
43、r drainline installation will require a minimumdimension of 20 cm (8 in.) wide by 20 cm (8 in.) depth (forexample, 10 cm drainline + (5 cm/side 3 2 sides) = 20 cm; 10cm drainline+5cmtop+5cmbottom = 20 cm). Oncedrainage trenches are excavated, all excavated material shouldbe removed from the subgrade
44、 surface and disposed off site.The subgrade should have no elevations of subgrade soilmaterial such to hinder the flow of water along the subgradeinterface into the drainage trench. Once drainage trenches havebeen excavated, the trench bottoms should be sufficientlycompacted to the subgrade compacti
45、on specifications prior toinstallation of drainage system. Subgrade shall be re-surveyedand certified prior to gravel or rootzone import.5.4.2 Surface DrainageTo maintain adequate surfacedrainage, all field installations should include a minimum of0.5 % slope gradient (simple slope or crown) to remo
46、ve wateroff of the playing field in case of a storm event with severerainfall intensity and to facilitate the use of tarps. It isrecommended that an adequate number of small size surfacedrainage inlets be installed in the perimeter of the installation(in out-of-play areas) and tied into the drainage
47、 collectionsystem for removal of surface runoff with the subsurfacedrainage water.NOTE 3In planning and designing projects, consideration shall begiven to the permeability of the rootzone when determining the slope ofthe finished surface and the need for adjacent surface drainage systems.Further con
48、sideration shall be given in cold climates where frost penetra-tion may impact the permeability of the rootzone when determining theslope of the finish surface and the need for adjacent surface drainagesystems. Generally, the need for improved surface drainage increases asthe permeability of the roo
49、tzone decreases.5.4.3 Sub-Surface Drainage MaterialThree recom-mended options exist for the use of drainage material. Option1 could utilize sand rootzone material to backfill arounddrainlines within the drainage trenches. Option 2 could utilizegravel material to backfill around drainlines in the drainagetrenches. Option 3 could include the use of gravel to backfillaround drainlines in drainage trenches and to form a drainagelayer overlying the subgrade before placement of rootzonesand blend. All backfill treatments shall be compacted tospecifications prior to fur
