1、Designation: F2811 15 An American National StandardStandard Test Methods forEvaluating Design and Performance Characteristics ofElliptical Trainers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2811; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, i
2、n the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe goal of these test methods is to provide reliable and repeatable methods for t
3、he evaluation ofelliptical trainers. The equipment user must recognize, however, that a standard alone will notnecessarily prevent injuries. Like other physical activities, exercise involving fitness equipmentinvolves the risk of injury, particularly if the equipment is used improperly or not proper
4、ly maintained.In addition, users with physical limitations should seek medical advice or instruction from the fitnessfacility, or both, prior to using this equipment. Certain physical conditions or limitations may precludesome persons from using this equipment properly and without increasing the ris
5、k of serious injury.1. Scope1.1 These test methods specify procedures and equipmentused for testing and evaluating elliptical trainers for compli-ance to Specification F2810. Both design and operationalparameters will be evaluated. Where possible and applicable,accepted test methods from other recog
6、nized bodies will beused and referenced. In case of a conflict between thisdocument and Specification F2810, Specification F2810 takesprecedence.1.2 RequirementsAn elliptical trainer is to be tested for allof the following parameters:1.2.1 Endurance,1.2.2 Static loading,1.2.2.1 Handlebars1.2.2.2 Foo
7、t supports1.2.3 Adjustable guide systems,1.2.4 Control panel,1.2.5 Warnings, and1.2.6 Documentation.1.3 This test method2contains additional requirements toaddress the accessibility of the equipment for persons withdisabilities.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The
8、 values in parenthesis are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of reg
9、ulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3F1749 Specification for Fitness Equipment and Fitness Fa-cility Safety Signage and LabelsF2276 Specification for Fitness EquipmentF2571 Test Methods for Evaluating Design and PerformanceCharacteristics of Fitness EquipmentF2
10、810 Specification for Elliptical TrainersF3021 Specification for Universal Design of Fitness Equip-ment for Inclusive Use by Persons with Functional Limi-tations and ImpairmentsF3022 Test Method for Evaluating the Universal Design ofFitness Equipment for Inclusive Use by Persons withFunctional Limit
11、ations and Impairments3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions applicable to this standard,see Specifications F2810 and F3021.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 onSports Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee
12、F08.30 on Fitness Products.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2015. Published February 2016. Originallyapproved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as F2811 10. DOI:10.1520/F2811-15.2This work was funded, in part, by the Rehabilitation Engineering ResearchCenter on RecTech through the Nati
13、onal Institute on Disability and RehabilitationResearch under the US Department of Education grant #H133E070029 andH133E120005.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information
14、, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Significance and Use4.1 The purpose of these test methods is to provide reliableand repeatable test methods for the e
15、valuation of ellipticaltrainers assembled and maintained according to the manufac-turers specifications. Use of these test methods, in conjunctionwith Specification F2810, is intended to ensure appropriateperformance and reliability of an elliptical trainer and reducethe risk of serious injury from
16、design deficiencies.5. Sample Preparations5.1 Assemble and adjust the elliptical trainer on a horizontalsurface according to the manufacturers instructions. On train-ers that are fully assembled, verify according to the manufac-turers instructions that all components are functioning and thatthey hav
17、e been adjusted and aligned properly. Unless otherwisestated, the trainer must pass the following tests withoutadjustment from this initial condition. Apply power to, ifrequired, or use the trainer and verify that the unit functionsproperly. If the unit is equipped with a guide system, operate itthr
18、ough its full range.5.2 The individual test methods will describe any variationsor modifications that are required to the test sample.5.3 Upon completion of the tests the equipment shallfunction as intended by the manufacturer.6. Test Methods and Procedures6.1 In addition to the tests specified in T
19、est Methods F2571,elliptical trainers shall be evaluated as follows:6.2 Exterior Design:6.2.1 Foot SupportsThe purpose of this test is to evaluatethe dimensions of the foot supports used on the sample.6.2.1.1 Apparatus and Set UpThe sample shall be set upas described in 5.1.6.2.1.2 CalibrationVerify
20、 that the measurement device isproperly calibrated and has a resolution of 1 mm (0.04 in.).6.2.1.3 ProcedureMeasure the dimensions of the slipresistant area of the pedal. Measure the guard heights of thepedal at the front and inside edges. Check for pinch or shearpoints along the outer edge of the f
21、ootplate per SpecificationF2276 and Test Methods F2571. If pinch or shear points exist,measure the guard height of the pedal at the outside edge.6.2.1.4 Pass/Fail CriteriaThe dimensions of the slip re-sistant surface of each pedal shall conform to dimensionalrequirements of subsection 5.1 of Specifi
22、cation F2810.6.2.1.5 Precision and Bias:(1) PrecisionThe precision of this test method has notbeen determined.(2) BiasThe bias of this test method includes quantitativeestimates of the uncertainties of the measuring devices, thecalibrations of testing equipment and the skill of the operators.At this
23、 time, the statements on bias should be limited todocumented performance of particular laboratories.6.2.2 HandlebarsThe purpose of this test is to verify theexistence of the handlebar.6.2.2.1 Apparatus and Set UpThe sample shall be set upas described in 5.1.6.2.2.2 CalibrationNo calibration required
24、.6.2.2.3 ProcedureVisually verify the presence of ahandlebar.6.2.2.4 Pass/Fail CriteriaThe handlebar must be presentand conform to the requirements of subsection 5.2 of Specifi-cation F2810.6.2.2.5 Precision and BiasNo information is presentedabout either the precision or bias of this test since the
25、 test resultis non-quantitative.6.2.3 Movable Handlebar DesignThe purpose of this testis to evaluate the dimensions of the movable handlebars usedon the sample.6.2.3.1 Apparatus and Set UpThe sample shall be set upas described in 5.1.6.2.3.2 CalibrationVerify that the measurement device isproperly c
26、alibrated and has a resolution of 1 mm (0.04 in.).6.2.3.3 ProcedureMeasure the dimensions of the endportion of the movable handlebar. The evaluator shall also usethe elliptical trainer per the manufacturers instructions andobserve the orientation of the end portion of the movablehandlebars with resp
27、ect to the head of the evaluator throughoutthe range of travel of the movable handlebars.6.2.3.4 Pass/Fail CriteriaThe dimension of the end por-tion of the movable handlebar shall conform to dimensionalrequirements of subsection 5.2 of Specification F2810.Alternately, if the end portion of the movab
28、le handlebars isalways angled away from the user during operation of theelliptical trainer then it shall be concluded that the movablehandlebars meet the requirements of the specifications.6.2.3.5 Precision and Bias:(1) PrecisionThe precision of this test method has notbeen determined.(2) BiasThe bi
29、as of this test method includes quantitativeestimates of the uncertainties of the measuring devices, thecalibrations of testing equipment and the skill of the operators.At this time, the statements on bias should be limited todocumented performance of particular laboratories.6.3 EnduranceThe purpose
30、 of this test is to confirm theendurance of the main components of the elliptical trainer.Load input to the elliptical trainer can be accomplished bysecuring weight to the foot pedals and lifting the weight usingpneumatic cylinders, or by pushing down with pneumaticcylinders (with or without weight)
31、. Regardless of how the loadis input to the elliptical trainer under test, careful considerationshall be given by the testing facility as to how the test apparatusis constructed. The testing facility shall communicate with themanufacturer prior to commencing the test and verify that theapparatus fun
32、ctions and loads the elliptical trainer in a mannersimilar to how a user would actually use and interface with theelliptical trainer. Figs. 1 and 2 illustrate pneumatic apparatusesthat have been used successfully to conduct endurance testing.The elliptical trainer shown in Fig. 2 is driven by the tw
33、opneumatic cylinders which are attached to the footplates of thedevice under test. The cylinders can be pivoted or mounted tolinear bearings on the test apparatus frame so that the cylindersare able to follow the horizontal motions of the ellipticalpedals. The timing of the cylinder actuations can b
34、e such thatthe pistons are pushing downward generally synchronous to thedownward motion of the footplate as it follows the ellipticalF2811 152path. By timing the firing of the cylinders correctly, along withvarying the braking resistance, this setup will drive theelliptical trainer. Horizontal loadi
35、ng of the moveable handle-bars (if equipped) can be accomplished by connecting thehandlebars to hanging weights using a cable over a pulley.Other methods include but are not limited to un-powered aircylinders with controlled venting, connection to elasticmaterials, a clamped weight positioned so tha
36、t the peak load inthe dynamic direction is 5 % of the maximum specified userweight or a pneumatic cylinder applying a reversed cyclic loadof 5 % of the maximum specified user weight to handlebarsthat are held static in a test fixture.6.3.1 Apparatus and Set UpThe sample shall be set up asdescribed i
37、n 5.1. Obtain instruction or a descriptive explanationof the function of the sample equipment from the manufacturer.A method of recording the number of cycles shall be provided.6.3.2 CalibrationVerify that the load application system iscalibrated and is accurate to within 5 % of the applied load.Ver
38、ify that the counting device changes the displayed counts by1 for each full revolution of one foot pedal for at least 100cycles.6.3.3 ProcedureConstruct and attach the resistance andcycling means to the elliptical trainer and verify that itfunctions as intended by the manufacturer. The testing appa-
39、ratus shall move the foot supports through their complete cyclein the same manner that the user does.Apply the test load to thepedals. Set the braking resistance to 80 % of the possibleresistance capable by the brake or 300 watts, whichever is less.The speed of the test is dependant on the pedal loa
40、ding and thebrake resistance setting. Therefore, there will not be a stringentrequirement for the speed of this test. It is recommended thatspeed end up between 30 and 60 cycles per minute, (one cycle= one full revolution of the pedal) once the pedal loading andthe brake resistance have been set. Th
41、e duty cycle of the testshall be a minimum of 50 % on and 50 % off, with a minimumon time of 30 min.6.3.3.1 Verify that the counter cycles for each repetition ofthe elliptical trainer and then periodically throughout theduration of the test. If the test apparatus is to run unattended,then it shall b
42、e outfitted with a means of stopping if failureoccurs on the sample. Begin the test. Periodically make andrecord observations during the test.6.3.4 Pass/Fail CriteriaUpon completion of the cyclesspecified in Specification F2810, the trainer shall function asper the operation instructions provided by
43、 the manufacturerand conform to the requirements of subsection 5.3 of Specifi-cation F2810.6.3.5 Precision and Bias:6.3.5.1 PrecisionThe precision of this test method has notbeen determined.6.3.5.2 BiasThe bias of this test method includes quanti-tative estimates of the uncertainties of the measurin
44、g devices,the calibrations of testing equipment and the skill of theoperators.At this time, the statements on bias should be limitedto documented performance of particular laboratories.6.4 Static Loading of StructuresThe purpose of this test isto evaluate the static structural integrity of the foot
45、supports,any frame structure and user supports (moveable and statichandlebars), as applicable to user safety.6.4.1 HandlebarsThe purpose of this test is to confirmstructural integrity of handlebars in the vertical and horizon-tally loaded conditions.6.4.1.1 Apparatus and Set UpThe sample shall be se
46、t upas described in 5.1. Supply a means of applying a steady stateload in both the vertical and horizontal directions. Possiblemethods of providing that force include, but are not limited to,pneumatic cylinder(s), or dead weights. If necessary, theelliptical trainer may be restrained from movement a
47、s long asthat restraint does not aid the structure of the user supportmeans. Determine which direction in the horizontal directionwould be structurally the weakest.6.4.1.2 CalibrationVerify the load application system iscalibrated and is accurate to within 65 % of applied load.FIG. 1 Isometric View
48、of a Pivoting Test ApparatusFIG. 2 View of a Test Apparatus With Linear BearingsF2811 1536.4.1.3 ProcedureApply a concentrated or point staticload to the weakest structural point on the handlebar in thevertical direction. Visually inspect for indications of breakage.Repeat the test applying the load
49、 specified in SpecificationF2810 in the weakest horizontal direction. Maintain the loadfor 5 min. Visually inspect the handlebars for indications ofbreakage.6.4.1.4 Pass/Fail CriteriaThe handlebar shall conform tothe requirements of subsection 5.2.2 of Specification F2810and not break.6.4.1.5 Precision and Bias:(1) PrecisionThe precision of this test method has notbeen determined.(2) BiasThe bias of this test method includes quantitativeestimates of the uncertainties of the measuring devices, thecalibrations of testing equipment and the ski
