1、Designation: F2898 11 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forPermeability of Synthetic Turf Sports Field Base Stone andSurface System by Non-confined Area Flood Test Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2898; the number immediately following the designation indic
2、ates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method may be used to determine t
3、he perme-ability rate of synthetic turf playing field systems, playing fieldsystems with pad or premolded drainage boards, or both,playing field systems with premolded panel base systems,porous and non porous pavement systems, or base stonesystems in the field, or a combination thereof, by non-confi
4、nedarea flood test method. This system is suitable for use on thefinish synthetic turf playing surface and on the stone basesystem below the playing system.1.2 This test method is applicable for synthetic turf playingfield systems and stone bases where system is designed forpermeability through the
5、synthetic turf surface and or througha base stone surface. It is also suitable for synthetic turf playingsystems that are directly underlined with resilient and nonre-silient pre-molded drainage boards systems and porous pave-ment base systems. The method tests a larger surface area thanconfined rin
6、g test methods and decreases the effect lateral flowwithin the surface and or stone base system due to the largeincrease in the ratio of test surface area to the synthetic turfplaying system and stone base system thickness. The method isintended to more accurately mimic natural storm flow condi-tion
7、s by eliminating the effect of head pressure created by thewater column height which creates a pressure flow condition atthe surface of the test area that does not exist naturally.1.3 This test method is intended for finish-graded andcompacted stone or finished surfaces that are installed withcross-
8、slope gradients of less than 2.0 % or under conditionswhere the effect of cross-slope is mitigated by high systempermeability. High sloping systems tend to have high slopingbase systems which may impact results due to increases in thelateral flow within the section caused increased hydraulicenergy c
9、aused by larger slopes.1.4 This test method is not applicable for conditions orlocations in-which surface flow, due to high surface cross-slopeor proximity, carries water flow from the test site to surface andsubsurface drainage trenches or structures.1.5 Further, this test method may be impacted if
10、 preformeddirectly after a significant rainfall event in cases where thedownstream capacity of the receiving drainage system is taxedto the extent that water backs up in the downstream system.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are
11、 mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety a
12、nd health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1551 Test Methods for Comprehensive Characterization ofSynthetic Turf Playing Surfaces and Materials3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 area of test site, nthe area
13、 of test site is the surfacearea in square feet of the test site area.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThis surface area represents an ap-proximated and simplified shape of equal area such as arectangle that includes the full wetted area. Small fingers ofnon-wetted surface within the wetted area shall be ignored i
14、nthe surface approximation. It is assumed that these smallfingers of non-wetted area are wetted below the surface withinthe test site.3.1.2 dry surface, na dry surface after testing or saturationis defined as follows:3.1.2.1 dry stone base surface, na surface where water isno longer visible as ponde
15、d water on or above the surface ofthe stone.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F08.65 on Artificial Turf Surfaces and Systems.Current edition approved March 1, 2011. Pu
16、blished April 2011. DOI: 10.1520/F2898-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM Inte
17、rnational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.2.2 DiscussionAfter saturation or testing the surfacewill be moist and water may be visible within the surfacevoids.3.1.2.3 dry synthetic turf surface, na surface where wateris no longer visible on the
18、 surface, and water will no longerpump to the surface when walked upon.3.1.2.4 DiscussionAfter saturation or testing the surfacewill be moist and water maybe visible within the fiber and orinfill matrix.3.1.3 flow rate control valve, nlocated between the on-offvalve at the outlet hose and the water
19、supply source valve, it isintended to allow the flow rate to be throttled back to a lowerflow rate if needed.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThis secondary valve is needed in caseswhere the unmodified source flow rate exceeds 10 gal perminute. A flow rate of 10 gal per minute will fill the 5-galcontainer in 30 s
20、which makes the procedure subject to flowrate errors due to the time necessary to open flow and recordtimes. The secondary valve is necessary to mitigate such errors.3.1.4 hydrophobicity, nthe physical property of a mol-ecule that is repelled from a mass of water.3.1.4.1 hydrophobic, nmaterials that
21、 repel water and mayprevent water molecules from passing through a field cross-section.3.1.5 on-off valve, nlocated on the discharge end of thehose nearest to the water discharge point, it will allow the testerto turn the water from the fully off position to the fully openposition with minimal varia
22、tion in flow during the period thatthe valve is turned from the open to closed positions or vice aversa.3.1.5.1 DiscussionA quarter turn ball valve or similarquick on-off valve must be used at this location.3.1.6 permeability, na measure of the ability of a porousmaterial to transmit fluids.3.1.6.1
23、DiscussionFor the purpose of this standard, per-meability applies to transmission of water both vertically andhorizontally through a system.3.1.7 surface system, nthe finish grade top surface of thesynthetic turf playing field and any resilient padding and orpre-molded drainage boards and or pre-mol
24、ded panel basesystems located directly below the synthetic turf carpet.3.1.8 surfactant, nwetting agents that lower the surfacetension of a liquid, allowing easier spreading, and lower theinterfacial tension between water molecules and other materi-als. Surfactants can be used to reduce hydrophobici
25、ty.3.1.9 test flow rate, nthe water flow rate of the watersupply at the hose outlet for the water source used during thetest period.3.1.10 test site area, nthe area observed during the test tobe wetted as a result of the 25-gal test procedure.3.1.11 water supply source valve, nthe shutoff valve orho
26、se bib at the source.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A plastic or other waterproof lightweight material con-tainer of 5 US gal (18.95 L), full volume, is filled using a watersource with a relatively constant flow to determine test flowrate, and which is then allowed to overflow the container at thecalc
27、ulated flow rate onto the test site area in an unconfinedmanner. The amount of time, in seconds, required to fill thecontainer to the point of overtopping (overflowing) is set as the5-gal flow rate of the test.4.2 The container shall be leveled using the water levelacross the top of the container as
28、 the gauge. Leveling thecontainer is accomplished using wood wedges, shims orsimilar devices. This leveling is intended to allow a somewhatuniform flow overtopping the full circumference of the topedge of the container.4.3 A splash board made of plywood or other material canbe placed below the conta
29、iner to control the erosive forcesassociated with the falling water on the test surface. This is notrequired however may be helpful during the procedure.4.4 The test site area is pre-saturated by a volume ofapproximately 50 US gal (189.5 L) of water which hasoverflowed the container onto the surface
30、 and allowed tospread in an unconfined manner. This volume of water is thenallowed to dissipate into the surface system or stone base untilthe surface is considered to be a dry surface. The 50 US gal(189.5 L) volume is metered based on the multiplying the timeto fill the 5 gal container by a factor
31、of 10.0. The 50 US gal(189.5 L) volume represents a volume equivalent to 1.0 in.(25.4 mm) of rain, applied without the effect of a hydraulichead, over an 80 ft2(7.43 m2) area. At the point when thepre-wetted area on the surface is considered a dry surface thesite is considered pre-saturated and read
32、y for the 25 gal testvolume.4.5 The site is then flooded by the unconfined containeroverflow of 25 US gal (94.75 L) of water which has overflowedthe container onto the surface and allowed to spread in anunconfined manner. This volume of water is then allowed todissipate into the surface system or st
33、one base until the surfaceis considered to be a dry surface. The 25 US gal (94.75 L)volume is metered based on the multiplying the time to fill 5gal container by a factor of 5.0. The 25 US gal (94.75 L)volume represents an approximate volume equivalent to 0.5 in.(12.7 mm) of rain, applied without th
34、e effect of a hydraulichead, over an 80 ft2(7.43 m2) area. The inclusive time periodin seconds, from the start of container overflow to the pointwhen the wetted surface of the test area is considered to be adry surface, is recorded. This time period is identified as thetime to dry. The wetted surfac
35、e area of the test site is measuredto determine the area of test site. Using the measured area ofthe test site and the actual volume of the 25 US gal test, apermeability rate is calculated.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method can be used to determine in-placepermeability of synthetic turf pla
36、ying field systems, playingfield systems with pad and or premolded drainage boards,playing field systems with premolded panel base systems,porous and non porous pavement systems in order to confirmcompliance with design specifications and or evaluate existingas-built conditions. The simplicity of th
37、e test method, theF2898 112quickness of the procedure, and the limited requirement forspecial tools and apparatus makes this ideal for performing alarge quantity of tests over a large area such as a sports field.5.2 Synthetic turf field systems tend to drain under severalflow regimes. The first flow
38、 regime is surface flow where watertravels across the surface from typically higher elevations tolower elevations. The second flow regime is flow through theturf surface and base system. The third flow regime is lateralflow, which has two parts. Lateral flow within the section of theturf surface and
39、 lateral flow within the pre-molded drainageboard, porous pavement and or base stone system below theturf. These are depicted diagrammatically in Fig. 1.5.3 This test method can provide owners, designers and turfsystem builders with a clear indication of actual in-fieldpermeability flow rates with l
40、imited effect of lateral flowthrough base systems and no effect from head pressure.5.4 This test method can be used to determine the effective-ness of treatments intended to reduce the effect of hydropho-bicity which has been known to decrease the permeability ofsome synthetic turf infill materials
41、and components.5.5 The observable performance of the test method enablesone to determine permeability by both a quantitative andqualitative measure.6. Interferences6.1 The test site should be free from surface drains or otherconditions that would result in nonrepresentative permeabilityrates. Other
42、conditions such as open graded clean stone directlyexposed at the surface would be expected to impact the testresults.6.2 In fields where collector piping backfill is open-gradedand brought to the stone surface, care should be taken tolocated test sites such that impact from these areas is avoidedor
43、 clearly noted in the test report.7. Apparatus7.1 Plastic Container, with a measured and confirmedvolume of approximately 5 US gal (18.95 L). See Fig. 2.7.1.1 The container shall be container clean of any debris orchemicals that may act as a surfactant.NOTE 1Soap residue can act as a surfactant whic
44、h may reducehydrophobicity and impact the results of the test method.7.1.2 The container volume must be measured and con-firmed prior to the test and the actual measured volumerecorded in the test report. Volume shall be measured to thenearest 0.1 US gal (0.4 L).NOTE 2For ease of calculation, the co
45、ntainer volume can be measuredand a base fill line near the container bottom representing the excessvolume over the 5.0 gal quantity can be added to allow the testing volumeto be consistently 5.0 gal. In this case, the base fill line represents the pointat which 5.0 gal of volume is above the line.7
46、.1.3 The container should be equipped with a suitablehandle for moving the full bucket into and out of the test site.NOTE 3It is recommended that water from the container not be pouredonto the test site until the procedure is completed and that care should betaken to avoid damaging fine graded surfa
47、ces by aggressively pouringexcess water from the container onto the test area.7.2 Constant Water Source:7.2.1 Asource of water capable of supplying a constant flowrate throughout the test period must be used. Water supplies,whether public, private well or construction tank tend to varyover time and
48、must be measured and reconfirmed for each testand test location. This method requires that for each test a newtime to fill the container must be obtained. Should a test beFIG. 1 Basic Flow Regime DiagramFIG. 2 Test Container DiagramF2898 113delayed such that the period of time between the time to fi
49、llmeasurement and the actual test is greater than one hour thetime to fill the container shall be re-measured. This procedureallows variations in water source system flow rate to beaccounted for.7.2.2 A minimum flow rate from the water source of 2.0 galin 60 s (2.0 gal per minute) is recommended. This, 2.0 gal in60 s (2 gal per minute), will result in approximately 150 s (2min, 30 s) to fill the bucket. Depending on the permeability ofthe test area, supply flow rates less than 2.0 gal in 60 s (2 galper minute) may not be adequate to produce a wetted area of4.
