1、 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD FOR TELECOMMUNICATIONS ATIS-0600330.2018 Valve Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries Used in the Telecommunications Environment As a leading technology and solutions development organization, the Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS) brings together the top gl
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5、n (ITU), as well as a member of the Inter-American Telecommunication Commission (CITEL). For more information, visit www.atis.org. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Approval of an American National Standard requires review by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for app
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10、CE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information
11、 on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute. Notice of Disclaimer (b) performance expectations for these cells (or modules) throughout their lifetime; (c) operating conditions for the appropriate use of these cells (or modules); and (d) guidance for the designer
12、s of these cells (or modules). 1.4 Theory of Operation The VRLA cell is designed to minimize gas emissions and eliminate electrolyte maintenance throughout the life of the cell. This is accomplished by recombination of internally generated oxygen gas and suppression of hydrogen gas evolution to cons
13、erve water in the electrolyte, since water is not expected to be replaced. A resealable valve is included to vent gases not recombined. It is for this reason that these cells (or modules) are called “valve-regulated“. The charge-discharge reactants and products of the VRLA cell are the same as those
14、 of the flooded lead-acid cell (see Annex C). However, the VRLA cell has one fundamental difference: it is in the rate at which oxygen, evolved from the positive plates, diffuses to the negative plates, ultimately forming water. This diffusion process can occur at rates up to several orders of magni
15、tude faster than in flooded cells. The oxygen recombination rate translates to a reduction in the volume of water lost by electrolysis. Water loss from evaporation is minimized by operation in a benign ambient, using appropriate materials and properly designed seals. The electrolyte in a VRLA cell (
16、or module) is “immobilized“. The two most common methods of immobilizing the electrolyte are discussed here, although other methods are possible. The first method uses highly porous fibrous mats which hold the electrolyte while separating and electrically insulating the plates. The second method use
17、s a gelling agent to thicken the electrolyte that is distributed between and around the cell plates and separators. With both methods, the intent is to immobilize the electrolyte and create voids that increase the rate of oxygen diffusion and recombination. ATIS-0600330.2018 2 2 References The follo
18、wing standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this American National Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this American National Standard
19、are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. 2.1 Normative References ATIS 0600311, DC power systems Telecommunication environment protection.1ATIS 0600329, Network equipment Earthquake resistance.2ANSI/UL 94, Tests for flammabi
20、lity of plastic materials for parts in devices and appliances.3ANSI/UL 924, Emergency lighting and power equipment.3ASTM D2863-87, Test method for measuring the minimum oxygen concentration to support candle-like combustion of plastics (oxygen index).4IEC 801-2-1991, Part 2: Electrostatic discharge
21、requirements.5Code of Federal Regulations, 49, Transportation, Parts 100 to 177, Section 173.159.6IEEE 1635/ASHRAE 21, Guide for the Ventilation and Thermal Management of Batteries for Stationary Applications.72.2 Informative References IEEE Std 100-1992, Dictionary of electrical and electronic term
22、s.7IEEE 1187-1996, Recommended practice for installation design and installation of valve-regulated lead-acid storage batteries for stationary applications.7ASTM D1193-91, Type II, Specification for reagent water.4IEC 60896-21:2004, Stationary lead-acid batteries - Part 21: Valve regulated types - M
23、ethods of test.5IEEE 1188-1996, IEEE recommended practice for maintenance, testing, and replacement of valve-regulated lead-acid storage batteries for stationary applications.7IEEE 1189-1996, IEEE guide for selection of valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries for stationary applications.7Butherus
24、 A.D., Lindenberger W.S., and Vaccaro F.J. “Electrochemical Compatibility of Plastics”. The Bell System Technical Journal, 13771392, September 1970. _1This document is available from the Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS), 1200 G Street N.W., Suite 500, Washington, DC 20005 .
25、2This document is available from ATIS. 3This document is available from UL. 4This document is available from the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) . 5This document is available from the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). 6This document is available from the Government P
26、ublishing Office at . 7This document is available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). ATIS-0600330.2018 3 Powers J., Electrochemical Compatibility of Materials for Lead Acid Batteries, Amerace Test Procedure No. 4-74, April 9, 1974. GR-1515, Generic Requirements for th
27、e Detection and Control of Thermal Runaway in VRLA Batteries.8GR-1200, Generic Requirements for Accelerated Life Testing of Valve Regulated Lead Acid Batteries at High Temperatures.8GR-4228, Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA) Battery String Certification Levels Based on Requirements for Safety and Per
28、formance.8“Lead Acid Batteries”, The Bell System Technical Journal, September 1970, Vol. 49, #7, pp. 13351358. 3 Definitions 3.1 absorbed glass mat (AGM) battery: A battery that uses fiber glass separators that absorb electrolytes. 3.2 battery: A unit consisting of two or more cells connected in ser
29、ies, parallel, or series-parallel arrangement to supply the voltage and current requirements of the connected load. 3.3 battery discharge duty cycle: The load current profile that a battery is expected to supply for a given time period and to a specified end voltage. 3.4 cell: The basic electrochemi
30、cal unit, consisting of an anode and a cathode within a common electrolyte, used to receive, store, and deliver electrical energy. For a lead-acid system, the nominal cell voltage is 2 V. 3.5 eight-hour rate: A discharge current delivered by a cell (or module) for a specified time of eight hours, to
31、 an end voltage of 1.75 V/cell, at a temperature of 25C, used to establish the rated capacity of the cell. 3.6 float operation: Operation of a dc system with the battery, rectifier, and load all connected in parallel. The battery charger supplies the normal dc load plus any battery self-discharge cu
32、rrent or recharge current required after a discharge. 3.7 flooded lead-acid cell: A lead-acid cell in which the products of electrolysis and evaporation are allowed to escape freely to the atmosphere. This cell is also referred to as a “vented“ cell. 3.8 gel cell battery: A battery where the electro
33、lyte has been immobilized by the addition of a gelling agent. 3.9 immobilized electrolyte: The retention of sulfuric acid electrolyte in the components of a lead-acid cell. This is normally accomplished by either gelled electrolyte or absorbed glass mat technology. 3.10 module: An enclosed unit comp
34、rising multiple cells connected in series, parallel or series-parallel. 3.11 monobloc: An alternative name for module. 3.12 oxygen recombination: The process by which oxygen generated at the positive plates migrates to the negative plates where it is recombined and reduced back to water. 3.13 oxygen
35、 recombination efficiency (ORE): The percentage of oxygen ultimately reduced to water at the negative plates, divided by the total amount of oxygen produced at the positive plates is: _8This document is available from Telcordia. . OREO converted in to waterTotal O produced=22100ATIS-0600330.2018 4 3
36、.14 recharge efficiency: The coulombic efficiency of the active components in the cell (or module) as it is recharged from full discharge. 3.15 tafel relationship: The empirical relationship between the logarithm of current (or current density) and the voltage of an electrochemical cell. Also see An
37、nex A. 3.16 telecommunications load equipment: Equipment powered from a primary or secondary distribution of a centralized dc power system owned or operated by exchange and interexchange carriers (see ATIS-0600311). 3.17 thermal runaway: A self-propagating escalation of cell temperature and float cu
38、rrent.93.18 valve-regulated lead-acid cell (VRLA): An oxygen-recombinant lead-acid cell with immobilized electrolyte that is equipped with a valve to release excessive internally produced pressure. 4 Electrical Performance Requirements This clause contains the electrical requirements for VRLA cells
39、(or modules). Test requirements suitable for verifying compliance with these requirements are given in clause 9. 4.1 Rated Capacity For the purposes of this standard, the rated capacity of a VRLA cell (or module) is the quantity of electricity, in ampere-hours (Ah), that a fully charged battery can
40、deliver under the following standard discharge conditions: Constant-current discharge at the 8-hour rate. End voltage of 1.75 V/cell. Ambient temperature of 25C. This capacity is usually designated as C8. Other capacities often used are C5 and C3. Unless otherwise specified, these use an end voltage
41、 of 1.75 V/cell and an ambient temperature of 25C. Any new VRLA cell (or module) received by the user shall be capable of delivering at least 100% of its rated capacity when discharged after floating for one week. 4.2 Charging The cell (or module) shall be charged at the float voltage recommended by
42、 the manufacturer, and the current should be limited to C8/5 unless otherwise specified by the supplier. _9If allowed to continue, it may lead to venting of potentially explosive hydrogen gas and the possible venting of toxic hydrogen sulfide gas. (See Annex E.) REAh removedAh returned= 100ATIS-0600
43、330.2018 5 4.3 Float Operation The float voltage of the battery shall be adjusted to the manufacturers recommended cell float voltage multiplied by the number of series connected cells in the string. The range of battery float voltage shall be within the minimum and maximum cell float voltage values
44、 specified by the manufacturer times the number of series connected cells in the string. Three months after battery installation and acceptance, the float voltage of any cell (or module) in the string shall not deviate by more than 2.5% from the average cell (or module) voltage. NOTE Temperature com
45、pensation of float voltage may be required in all VRLA applications. See 4.12 and 4.14. 4.4 Cycle Performance The cell (or module) shall withstand at least three cycles to 80% depth of discharge at the five-hour rate, to a cell (or module) average voltage of 1.75 volts per cell, for each year of the
46、 specified service life. In addition, the cell (or module) shall withstand at least 20 cycles to 5% depth of discharge at the five-hour rate for each year of the specified service life. 4.5 Series Connection of Cells (or Modules) The cells (or modules) connected in series to make up a battery string
47、 for telecommunication load equipment shall be of the same make, type, and rated capacity. 4.6 Parallel Connection of Strings When strings are connected in parallel, the float voltage applied to each string shall be within the range specified by the manufacturer. 4.7 Recharge Efficiency Qualificatio
48、n for the intended application; Product acceptance; and In-service testing. Testing is the responsibility of both the manufacturer and the user. The results of the tests described in this standard should enable the interested parties to determine if a cell (or module) can be used for the intended ap
49、plication. Where applicable, the test data should include the mean value and the distribution (variance) about the mean. Having the distribution information for a particular parameter can be helpful in applications where it is important to know when the first cell in a string is expected to fail. Cell (or module) life, ideally, should be determined under conditions that reflect actual usage. All apparatus shall be calibrated annually or more frequently if readings are suspect: ATIS-0600330.2018 16 Voltmeter - A digital display mete
