1、Guide for Thermal Spray Operator Qualification ProgramsAWS C2.16/C2.16M:2017An American National StandardAWS C2.16/C2.16M:2017An American National StandardApproved by theAmerican National Standards InstituteMarch 10, 2017Guide for Thermal Spray Operator Qualification Programs4th EditionSupersedes AW
2、S C2.16/C2.16M:2002Prepared by theAmerican Welding Society (AWS) C2 Committee on Thermal SprayingUnder the Direction of theAWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved by theAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis guide contains recommendations for establishing a thermal spray operator qualification progra
3、m. Information related to training, knowledge and skill testing, and coating system inspection methods is provided. Example thermal spray operator qualification tests (TSOQT) parameters and forms are provided, to address common engineering and cor-rosion control applications using arc, flame, atmosp
4、heric plasma, and high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spray processes.AWS C2.16/C2.16M:2017iiISBN: 978-0-87171-911-9 2017 by American Welding SocietyAll rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaPhotocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, o
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6、of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropri-ate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet: .AWS C2.16/C2.16M:2017iiiStatement on the Use of American Welding Society StandardsAll st
7、andards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the American Welding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National S
8、tandards are either incorporated in, or made part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other governmen-tal bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS standards must be appr
9、oved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of those laws and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document that invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes
10、in or deviations from requirements of an AWS standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus
11、. While AWS administers the proc-ess and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, or verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.AWS disclaims liability for any injury to p
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14、ents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. It is assumed that the use of this standard and its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified an
15、d competent personnel.This standard may be superseded by new editions. This standard may also be corrected through publication of amend-ments or errata, or supplemented by publication of addenda. Information on the latest editions of AWS standards includ-ing amendments, errata, and addenda is posted
16、 on the AWS web page (www.aws.org). Users should ensure that they have the latest edition, amendments, errata, and addenda.Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard accept any and all liabilities for infringement of any patent or
17、 trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement of any patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.Official interpretations of any of the technical req
18、uirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request, in writing, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be addressed to the American Welding Society, Attention: Managing Director, Standards Development, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami, FL 33166 (see Annex D). With
19、regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered. These opinions are offered solely as a convenience to users of this standard, and they do not constitute professional advice. Such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particu
20、lar individuals giving them. These individuals do not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations of AWS. In addi-tion, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.This standard
21、is subject to revision at any time by the AWS C2 Committee on Thermal Spraying. It must be reviewed every five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standar
22、d are requested and should be addressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS C2 Committee on Thermal Spraying and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committees response to the comments. Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS C
23、2 Committee on Thermal Spraying to express their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 8669 NW
24、 36 St, # 130, Miami, FL 33166.AWS C2.16/C2.16M:2017ivThis page is intentionally blank.AWS C2.16/C2.16M:2017vPersonnelAWS C2 Committee on Thermal SprayingK. L. Sender, Chair Oerlikon Metco (US), IncorporatedW. J. Arata Jr., Vice Chair Matheson GasJ. M. Rosario, Secretary American Welding SocietyD. M
25、. Beneteau Centerline Ltd.C. C. Berndt Swinburne University of TechnologyM. M. Blasingame Superior Shot Peening, IncorporatedT. J. Connelly Green Belting Industries Ltd.A. Duminie HC Starck North American Trading LLCM. Froning The Boeing CompanyD. T. Haegele Select ArcD. Hayden Hayden CorporationJ.
26、O. Hayden Hayden CorporationI. R. Lasa Florida Department of TransportationD. A. Lee Kennametal StelliteW. M. Medford INSPEC, IncorporatedJ. J. Medrano Oerlikon Metco (US), IncorporatedD. R. Moody Plasma Powders and SystemsB. Mosier Polymet CorporationJ. Ryan Oerlikon Metco (US), IncorporatedK. Samp
27、ath Chart IndustriesC. Sauer NAVAIR In-Service Support CenterA. P. Yanski Praxair TAFAAdvisors to the AWS C2 Committee on Thermal SprayingR. Ahmed RasGas Co Ltd.B. T. Costello NAVSEAL. F. Grimenstein Nation Coating Systems IncorporatedA. J. Grubowski DDL OMNID. Guillen Idaho National LaboratoryJ. A.
28、 Kapur Bay State Surface TechnologiesA. Roy Quality Calibration therefore each system must be used independently.1.4 Safety. Safety and health issues and concerns are beyond the scope of this standard and therefore are not fully addressed herein. Safety and health information is available from the f
29、ollowing sources:American Welding Society:(1) ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes(2) AWS Safety and Health Fact Sheets(3) Other safety and health information on the AWS websiteMaterial or Equipment Manufacturers:(1) Safety Data Sheets supplied by materials manufacturers(2) O
30、perating Manuals supplied by equipment manufacturersAWS C2.16/C2.16M:20172Other:(1) NFPA 5IB, Standard for Fire Prevention During Welding, Cutting, and Other Hot WorkApplicable Regulatory AgenciesWork performed in accordance with this standard may involve the use of materials that have been deemed h
31、azardous, and may involve operations or equipment that may cause injury or death. This standard does not purport to address all safety and health risks that may be encountered. The user of this standard should establish an appropriate safety program to address such risks as well as to meet applicabl
32、e regulatory requirements. ANSI Z49.1 should be considered when devel-oping the safety program.1.5 When qualifying a thermal spray operator candidate using a program that has been developed in accordance with this standard, the qualifier shall ensure that all equipments used for pre-coat processing,
33、 coating, and post-coat processing as well as testing and measurement equipment and instruments are properly maintained according to the manufacturers recommendations and properly calibrated.2. Normative ReferencesThe following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, cons
34、titute provisions of this AWS stand-ard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this AWS standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the docume
35、nts shown below. For undated references, the latest edition of the standard referred to applies.(1) AWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing, Soldering, Thermal Cutting, and Thermal Spraying.3. Terms and DefinitionsAWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard
36、 Welding Terms and Definitions, provides the basis for terms and definitions used herein. However, the following terms and definitions are included below to accommodate usage specific to this document.Almen strip. A strip of SAE 1070 steel manufactured in accordance with the requirements of SAE J442
37、, and used to quantify the surface stress generated on the part by the coating.arc spraying. A thermal spray process using an arc between two consumable electrodes of surfacing materials as a heat source and a compressed gas to atomize and propel the surfacing material to the substrate.atmospheric p
38、lasma spray. Plasma spray carried out under atmospheric conditions.automatic thermal spraying. Thermal spraying with equipment that requires only occasional or no observation of the thermal spraying, and no manual adjustment of the equipment controls.candidate. A person who is pursuing recognition o
39、f their qualification.employer. The term is used collectively to mean contractor, fabricator, or manufacturer.essential variables. Variables critical to the thermal spray process.flame spraying. The thermal spray process in which an oxygen fuel gas flame is the source of heat for (partially) melting
40、 the surfacing material. Compressed gas may or may not be used for atomizing and propelling the surfacing material to the substrate.high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF). A thermal spraying process using a high velocity, oxygen fuel mixture to heat and propel a powdered surfacing material to a substrate.
41、manual thermal spraying. Thermal spraying with a thermal spray gun manipulated by hand.plasma spraying. The thermal spray process in which a non-transferred arc is used to create a plasma for (partially) melting and propelling the surfacing material to the substrate.AWS C2.16/C2.16M:20173process ins
42、truction. A document detailing the equipment and procedures required to perform an industrial operation that also addresses safety, operator qualifications, materials, equipment, procedure, method, quality control, and records.qualification. Demonstrated training, skill, knowledge, and experience re
43、quired for personnel to perform the duties of a specific job or function, typically demonstrated by passing a performance test.qualified thermal spray operator. A thermal spray equipment operator who has demonstrated training, skill, knowl-edge, and experience to perform a specified range of duties.
44、qualification specification. The document specifying the requirements for qualification of the thermal spray operator.qualifier. The employer, organization, or individual specified in the referencing document as responsible for conducting and supervising qualification testing.referencing document. T
45、he product standard or contract document that invokes the requirement for thermal spray oper-ator qualification.semi-automatic thermal spraying. Thermal spraying with equipment that requires manual adjustment of the equipment controls in response to visual observation of the thermal spraying.specifi
46、c acceptance criteria. A document providing in detail the criteria by which a thermal sprayer can be tested to be approved for a particular technique or application area.specification. Document stating requirements.test. A series of operations that includes knowledge and skill for applying a thermal
47、 spray coating on a thermal spray test piece and subsequent non-destructive, or destructive testing, or both, and reporting the results.test piece. The thermal spray workpiece used for the TSOQT.test specimen. A portion cut from the test piece in order to perform a specified analytical test.test sup
48、ervisor. The individual who administers, supervises, or evaluates candidate testing on behalf of a qualifier.thermal spray operator. An individual who, through education and training, performs an occupational role of operating thermal spray equipment.thermal spray operator qualification test (TSOQT)
49、. The test of knowledge and skill used to confirm the operator is qualified to conduct the thermal spray process in accordance with specified performance expectations.thermal spray technician. See thermal spray operator.thermal spray test facility (TSTF). The entity qualified to assess whether thermal spray operators have the knowledge and skill required by the TSOQT, issue test reports, and ensure TSOQT records are maintained.training. An organized program developed to impart the knowledge and skills necessary for qualification.written practice. A document to specify methods, requirements,
