1、AWS C3.8M/C3.8:2011An American National StandardSpecification forthe UltrasonicPulse-EchoExamination ofBrazed JointsAWS C3.8M/C3.8:2011An American National StandardApproved by theAmerican National Standards InstituteJuly 13, 2011Specification for theUltrasonic Pulse-EchoExamination of Brazed Joints3
2、rd EditionSupersedes AWS C3.8M/C3.8:2005Prepared by theAmerican Welding Society (AWS) C3 Committee on Brazing and SolderingUnder the Direction of theAWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved by theAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis specification provides the minimum requirements for the pulse-echo
3、ultrasonic examination of brazed joints. Itspurpose is to standardize brazed-joint ultrasonic examination requirements for all applications in which brazed joints ofassured quality are required. It provides the minimum requirements for equipment, procedures, and the documentation of suchtests.iiAWS
4、C3.8M/C3.8:2011International Standard Book Number: 978-0-87171-792-4American Welding Society550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 2011 by American Welding SocietyAll rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaPhotocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a re
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6、room use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropriatefee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet:.iiiAWS C3.8M/C3.8:2011Statement on the Use of American Welding Society Standa
7、rdsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the AmericanWelding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American Nat
8、ional Standards are either incorporated in, ormade part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other govern-mental bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWSstandards must be
9、 approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part ofthose laws and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other documentthat invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, chang
10、es in or deviations from requirementsof an AWS standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that bringstogether volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensu
11、s. While the AWS administers theprocess and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evalu-ate, or verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.AWS disclaims liability for any injury
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13、y informationpublished herein.In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is neither undertaking to render professional or other services for oron behalf of any person or entity, nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someoneelse. Anyone using these documen
14、ts should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek theadvice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. It isassumed that the use of this standard and its provisions are entrusted to appropriately qualified and c
15、ompetent personnel.This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. Users should ensure that they have the latest edition.Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard acceptany and all liabilities for infringement of
16、 any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement ofany patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.Finally, the AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.On occasion, text, tables,
17、 or figures are printed incorrectly, constituting errata. Such errata, when discovered, are postedon the AWS web page (www.aws.org).Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request, inwriting, to the appropriate technical commit
18、tee. Such requests should be addressed to the American Welding Society,Attention: Managing Director, Technical Services Division, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 (see Annex C).With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered.Thes
19、e opinions are offered solely as a convenience to users of this standard, and they do not constitute professionaladvice. Such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individuals donot speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute
20、 official or unofficial opinions or interpretations ofAWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS C3 Committee on Brazing and Soldering. It must bereviewed every five ye
21、ars, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations,additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should beaddressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the
22、 AWS C3 Committee on Brazingand Soldering and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committees response to the comments. Guestsare invited to attend all meetings of the AWS C3 Committee on Brazing and Soldering to express their commentsverbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decis
23、ion concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules ofOperation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American WeldingSociety, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.This page is intentionally blank.ivAWS C3.8M/C3.8:2011vAWS C3.8M/C3.8:2011Perso
24、nnelAWS C3 Committee on Brazing and SolderingR. W. Smith, Chair S-Bond TechnologiesG. L. Alexy, 1st Vice-Chair The Prince AWS C3.5M/C3.5, Speci-fication for Induction Brazing; AWS C3.6M/C3.6, Specification for Furnace Brazing; AWS C3.7M/C3.7, Specificationfor Aluminum Brazing; and AWS C3.9M/C3.9, Sp
25、ecification for Resistance Brazing.The present edition, which supersedes AWS C3.8M/C3.8:2005, includes the following updates: (1) Bears a new title to clarify that pulse echo is the only technique covered(2) Informative material moved to Annex A(3) Substantive and editorial content revised and updat
26、ed to clarify requirements Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary, AWS C3Committee on Brazing and Soldering, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.This page is intentionally blank.xAWS C3.8M/C3.8:2011
27、xiAWS C3.8M/C3.8:2011Table of ContentsPage No.Personnel vForewordixList of Figures.xii1. General .11.1 Scope.11.2 Units of Measurement.11.3 Safety 12. Normative References .13. Terms and Definitions .24. Ultrasonic Testing Requirements.34.1 Ultrasonic Test Equipment34.2 Required Procedures .44.3 Bra
28、zement Ultrasonic Testing44.4 Examination Techniques.55. Acceptance Criteria.6Annex A (Informative)Informative References7Annex B (Informative)Figures .9Annex C (Informative)Guidelines for the Preparation of Technical Inquiries .13List of AWS Documents on Brazing and Soldering.15xiiAWS C3.8M/C3.8:20
29、11List of FiguresFigure Page No.B.1 Typical Immersion Ultrasonic Setup .9B.2 Manual Contact Mode Inspection Technique .10B.3 Automated Immersion Mode Inspection Technique .10B.4 Example of Immersion Mode C-scan Reference Standard Inspection 11AWS C3.8M/C3.8:201111. General Requirements1.1 Scope. Thi
30、s specification establishes the minimum equipment and procedure requirements for the pulse-echo ultra-sonic examination of brazed joints. This specification addresses the following techniques: pulse-echo contact (manual)and pulse-echo immersion (automated).1.2 Units of Measurement. This standard mak
31、es use of both the International System of Units (SI) and U.S. CustomaryUnits. The latter are shown within brackets ( ) or in appropriate columns in tables and figures. The measurements maynot be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently.1.3 Safety. Safety and health issue
32、s and concerns are beyond the scope of this standard and therefore are not addressedherein.Safety and Health information is available from the following sources:American Welding Society:(1) ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes(2) AWS Safety and Health Fact Sheets(3) Other saf
33、ety and health information on the AWS websiteMaterial or Equipment Manufacturers:(1) Material Safety Data Sheets supplied by the materials manufacturers(2) Operating Manuals supplied by equipment manufacturersApplicable Regulatory Agencies:(1) United States Department of Labor, Occupational Safety A
34、STM E 317, Standard Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo TestingInstruments and Systems without the Use of Electronic Measurement Instruments;ASTM E 543, Standard Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing;ASTM E 1001, Standard Practice for D
35、etection and Evaluation of Discontinuities by the Immersed Pulse-EchoUltrasonic Method Using Longitudinal Waves;ASTM E 1065, Standard Guide for Evaluating Characteristics of Ultrasonic Search Units;ASTM E 1158, Standard Guide for Material Selection and Fabrication of Reference Blocks for Pulsed Long
36、itudinalWave Ultrasonic Testing of Metal and Metal Alloy Production MaterialASTM E 1901, Standard Guide for Detection and Evaluation of Discontinuities by Contact Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Methods; andNational Aerospace Standards Committee (NASC) standard:3NAS 410, NAS Certification and Qu
37、alification of Nondestructive Test Personnel3. Terms and DefinitionsAWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing, Solder-ing, Thermal Cutting, and Thermal Spraying, provides the basis for terms and definitions used herein. However, thefollowin
38、g terms and definitions are included below to accommodate usage specific to this document.A-scan. An electronic display of the discrete wave form signal collected from a pulse-echo transducer that, as a functionof time and amplitude, displays the acoustic reflections coming back from a tested braze
39、joint. Normally this is usedin the manual contact technique.NOTE: The individual A-scan data is assembled by the computer to create a C-scan image.B-scan. An electronic display showing a cross-sectional view of the brazed joint using the reflected amplitude of theultrasonic signal. The display shows
40、 travel time (material thickness or sound path) along the vertical axis and thelinear position of the transducer along the horizontal axis.brazing procedure specification (BPS). A document specifying the required brazing variables for a specific application.C-scan. An electronic display showing a pl
41、an view or amplitude map of the reflected amplitude of the ultrasonic signalsin an X and Y raster. The display is generated using computer tomography as the transducer is scanned over thebrazement. Normally applied using an immersion technique, the entire braze joint can be displayed to show the pre
42、s-ence of voids or other discontinuities.contact technique. An ultrasonic testing technique where the transducer is placed directly on the surface of the braze-ment and the sound energy is transmitted between the transducer and the test object using an acoustic couplant. SeeFigure B.2 in Annex B for
43、 additional information.1AWS standards are published by the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.2ASTM International standards are published by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.3NASC standards are published by the National Aerosp
44、ace Standards Committee (NASC), 1250 Eye Street NW, Suite 1200,Washington D.C. 20005-3924.AWS C3.8M/C3.8:20113immersion technique. An ultrasonic testing technique where the sound energy is transmitted between the transducerand the test object through a water path. The brazement is either immersed in
45、 a water bath of the sound is transmittedthrough a water column from a squirter system. Figure B.3 in Annex B illustrates a typical immersion C-scan system.Organization Having Quality Responsibility. The organization responsible to the end user of the product for the qual-ity of the product and its
46、suitability for the intended use. This organization is usually the manufacturer and marketerof the final product in commercial business and the prime contractor in government procurement. Although suchorganizations may subcontract brazing and related operations to others, they cannot delegate the ul
47、timate responsibil-ity for the service suitability of the product to these subcontractors.pulse-echo mode. An ultrasonic technique in which the transducer transmits sound into the test specimen and receivessound back from the test specimen; hence, pulse sound into and echo sound back. In the inspect
48、ion of brazements, thenon-brazed areas will reflect sound back to the transducer and the brazed area will pass sound through the brazement.reference standard. A physical object of known dimensions and configuration produced from a material with acousticproperties identical to that of the brazement.
49、It is used to calibrate the ultrasonic system in terms of both sound pathdistance and acoustic amplitude. These standards often include artificial discontinuities of known dimensions to allowfor a comparison of discontinuity sizes in test objects based on reflected sound energies. Figure B.4 in Annex B illus-trates an example of a typical reference standard.squirter. A device attached to the front of an ultrasonic transducer that serves to direct the flow of water in the form of awater column to allow for acoustic coupling with the test object.work instruction. A written document that r
