1、Guide forSteel Hull WeldingANSI/AWS D3.5-93RAn American National StandardKeywords Steel, steel hull welding, ship welding, ANSI/AWS D3.5-93hull design, hull construction, marine An American National Standardconstruction, vessels, offshore guideApproved byAmerican National Standards InstituteApril 29
2、,1992Guide forSteel Hull WeldingSuperseding AWS D3.5-85Prepared byAWS Committee on Welding in Marine ConstructionUnder the Direction ofAWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved byAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis guide provides information to users in the marine construction industry as to the bes
3、t practical methods to weldsteel hulls for ships, barges, mobile offshore drilling units, and other marine vessels. This guide provides information onsteel plates, shapes, castings, and forgings; their selection; and their weldability. It discusses welding processes andproper design for welding. Hul
4、l construction is presented in terms of preparation of materials, erection and fitting, andcontrol of distortion. Qualification of procedures and personnel are outlined, and inspection methods are discussed. Acommon shipyard problem, stray current protection, is discussed as is the health and safety
5、 of the work force.Supplementary nonmandatory appendices are provided for informational purposes.American Welding Society550 N.W. LeJeune Road, P.O. Box 351040, Miami, Florida 33135Statement on Use of AWS StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications,
6、 and guides) of the AmericanWelding Society are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of the AmericanNational Standards Institute. When AWS standards are either incorporated in, or made part of, documents that are includedin federal or state laws and reg
7、ulations, or the regulations of other governmental bodies, their provisions carry the fulllegal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS standards must be approved by the governmentalbody having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of those laws and regulatio
8、ns. In all cases, these standardscarry the full legal authority of the contract or other document that invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractualrelationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWS standard must be by agreement between thecontracting parties.International
9、 Standard Book Number: 0-87171-388-8American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, P.O. Box 351040, Miami, Florida 33135 1993 by American Welding Society. All rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaNote: The primary purpose of AWS is to serve and benefit its members. To this end, AW
10、S provides a forum for theexchange, consideration, and discussion of ideas and proposals that are relevant to the welding industry and the consensusof which forms the basis for these standards. By providing such a forum, AWS does not assume any duties to which a userof these standards may be require
11、d to adhere. By publishing this standard, the American Welding Society does not insureanyone using the information it contains against any liability arising from that use. Publication of a standard by theAmerican Welding Society does not carry with it any right to make, use, or sell any patented ite
12、ms. Users of the informationin this standard should make an independent investigation of the validity of that information for their particular use andthe patent status of any item referred to herein.With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may
13、be rendered.However, such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individualsdo not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations ofAWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal a
14、nd should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS Committee on Welding in Marine Construction. It must bereviewed every five years and if not revised, it must be either reapproved or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations,a
15、dditions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are requested and should beaddressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS Committee on Weldingin Marine Construction and the author of the comments will be informe
16、d of the Committees response to the comments.Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS Committee on Marine Construction to express their commentsverbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules ofOperation of the Technical Activ
17、ities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American WeldingSociety, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, P.O. Box 351040, Miami, Florida 33135.PersonnelAWS Committee on Welding in Marine ConstructionA. T. Sheppard, ChairmanK. Masubuchi, Vice-ChairmanF. X. Neary, SecretaryJ. M. CameronD. Cottl
18、eJ. H. DevletianC. E. GrubbsB. A. HallilaR. D. HoldsworthB. C. HowserA. W. JohnsonL. G. KvidahlR. A. ManleyJ. L. MatthewsC. L. NullS. E. PollardT. J. PruittD. N. ReznikD. L. SimmonsT. C. WestTri-State Steel Construction, IncorporatedMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyAmerican Welding SocietyGenera
19、l Dynamics/Electric Boat Division (Ret.)R & D ConsultantsOregon Graduate InstituteGlobal DiversAvondale Industries, IncorporatedInternational Technology Services, IncorporatedNewport News Shipbuilding and Drydock, CompanyA. W. Johnson and AssociatesIngalls Shipbuilding CompanyBechtel Group, Incorpor
20、atedGeneral Dynamics/QuincyNaval Sea Systems CommandMachinists, IncorporatedTacoma Boatbuilding CompanyAmerican Bureau of ShippingBath Iron Works CorporationWelding Engineering ServicesAWS Subcommittee on Steel Hull WeldingA. T. Sheppard, ChairmanT. L. AndersonS. A. CollinsO. J. DavisA. W. JohnsonL.
21、 G. Kvidahl*S. E. PollardD. N. ReznikJ. P. Wilkinson, IIIJ. P. Stafford*P. R. Slimmon*Tri-State Steel Construction, IncorporatedCleaver BrooksBath Iron Works CorporationIngalls ShipbuildingA. W. Johnson and AssociatesIngalls Shipbuilding CompanyMachinists, IncorporatedAmerican Bureau of ShippingAmer
22、ican Bureau of ShippingPetrocon Engineering, Inc.Bethlehem Steel CorporationAdvisor111Foreword(This Foreword is not a part of ANSI/AWS D3.5-93, Guide for Steel Hull Welding, but is included for informationpurposes only.)This guide is for reference in the construction of steel hulls by welding. It ha
23、s been compiled to aid welders andsupervisory personnel as well as design and construction engineers.The first all-welded ships were built just before World War II. During that war, over 4000 welded ships, including theLiberty ships and T2 tankers, were constructed under emergency conditions. When s
24、ome of these ships experienced majorstructural failures of the brittle-cleavage type, both government and industry undertook immediate and intensiveinvestigation and research. Most major failures started either in a defective groove weld in the deck or bottom shell, orat a sharp structural intersect
25、ion such as a square hatch corner, or some other abrupt change in structural cross-section,or lack of geometric continuity in the structure. Once started, the cracks progressed through the base metal and extendedfor considerable distances, in some cases across the deck and completely around the ship
26、.Attention was focused primarily on the influence of notches, weld quality, and the inherent notch toughnesscharacteristics of steel and weld metal regarding both crack initiation and crack propagation. As a result of the shipresearch, steels having greater notch toughness were specified by regulato
27、ry agencies, and special steels having superiornotch toughness were developed and specified for use in highly stressed areas. Design details were improved, and mainhull welds were subjected to subsurface inspection by radiographic and ultrasonic methods.To summarize this early research and developme
28、nt and to make appropriate recommendations relative to welding, theAmerican Welding Society published D3.5-62, Hull Welding Manual. Because of revisions to the regulatory agenciesrequirements, major developments in welding equipment and shipyard facilities, and the increased use of higher strengthan
29、d superior notch-tough steels in shipbuilding, AWS D3.5-76, Guide for Steel Hull Welding, was prepared to replacethe earlier manual. The ANSI/AWS D3.5-85 and ANSI/AWS D3.5-93 are updates of the previous Guide. The weldingof aluminum in ship construction is covered in ANSI/AWS D3.7-89, Guide for Alum
30、inum Hull Welding.Much commercial building in shipyards includes special purpose ships and mobile offshore drilling units. Tankers over30 times larger than the T2 tankers have been built. Todays container ships are as large as the largest ocean liners andhave the unusual feature of having most of th
31、eir strength decks open to facilitate container stowage. The large LNG(liquefied natural gas) carriers transport liquid cargo at approximately -260F (-160C).For further specific details relating to welding, refer to the rules of regulatory agencies, recommendations of the steeland welding equipment
32、manufacturers, and other related publications.Comments and suggestions regarding this guide are welcome. These comments should be sent to the Secretary, AWSCommittee on Welding in Marine Construction, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, P.O. Box 351040,Miami, Florida 33135.Official inte
33、rpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may be obtained by sending a request, inwriting, to the Managing Director, Technical Services Division, American Welding Society. Aformal reply will be issuedafter it has been reviewed by the appropriate personnel following establishe
34、d procedures.IVTable of ContentsPage No.Personnel iiiForeword ivList of Tables viiList of Figures vii1. Materials 11.1 Steel Manufacturing Processes 11.2 Higher Strength Steels 51.3 Notch Toughness Properties of Steel 51.4 Notch Toughness of Weld Metal and Heat-Affected Zone 81.5 Fatigue 01.6 Specif
35、ications for Steel 131.7 Specifications for Welding Consumables 151.8 Selection of Materials 51.9 Weld Cracking 51.10 Service Performance of Welds 71.11 Welding of Higher Strength and Low-Temperature Service Steels 191.12 Welding of Clad Steel 191.13 Explosion Bonded Transition Joints 202. Welding P
36、rocesses 202.1 Introduction 02.2 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) 202.3 Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) 22.4 Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) 32.5 Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) 52.6 Electroslag Welding (ESW) and Electrogas Welding (EGW) 272.7 Stud Welding 272.8 Thermit Welding 302.9 Removable Backing Mater
37、ials for Welding 303. Design 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Main Strength Members 313.3 Secondary Strength Members 23.4 Design Details 23.5 Details for Manual Welding 54. Hull Construction 434.1 Introduction 34.2 Preparation of Material 34.3 Erection and Fitting 44.4 Welding Sequence 64.5 Weld Distortion 46
38、4.6 Stress Relief 544.7 Preheat 74.8 Barge Construction for Inland Waterways 57Page No.5. Inspection and Qualification 605.1 Introduction 05.2 Welding Procedure Qualifications 05.3 Welder Qualification 05.4 Inspection Methods 15.5 Welding Defects 635.6 Repair of Defects 55.7 Air Carbon Arc Process 5
39、6. Stray Current Protection 76.1 Underwater Corrosion 76.2 Current Flow 676.3 Welding Equipment Requirements 676.4 Grounding (Work) Connections 76.5 Special Precautions 747. Safety 777.1 Introduction 77.2 Fumes and Gases 77.3 Radiation 77.4 Electrical Hazards 787.5 Fire Prevention 87.6 OSHA Regulati
40、ons 9Appendix A Codes and Specifications 81Appendix B Glossary 83Appendix C Safety 9Appendix D Mill Plate Tests and Inspection Procedures 97Alpha-Numerical Document Title Referenceby Source 106AWS Marine Welding Document List (Inside Back Cover)VIList of TablesTable Page No.1A American Bureau of Shi
41、pping, Requirements for Ordinary Strength Hull Structural Steel,Grades A, B, D, E, DS, CS, 2 in. (51 mm) and Under 9IB American Bureau of Shipping, Requirements for Ordinary Strength Hull Structural Steel,Over 2 in. (51 mm) 102A American Bureau of Shipping, Requirements for Higher Strength Hull Stru
42、ctural Steel,Grades AH32, DH32, EH32, AH36, DH36, and EH36, 2 in. (51 mm) and Under 112B American Bureau of Shipping Requirements for Higher Strength Hull Structural Steel,Over 2 in. (51 mm) 22C American Bureau of Shipping, Normalizing Heat Treatment Requirements for HigherStrength Hull Structural S
43、teels 123 Thickness Limitations for ABS Steel Grades 144 Specifications for Filler Metals Steel 65 Applicable Filler Metal (ABS Grade and AWS Classification) Base Plate Combinations 216 Carbon and Low Alloy Steel Solid or Composite Electrodes and Rods 267 Carbon and Low Alloy Steel Flux Cored Electr
44、odes (Wires) 288 Equivalent Fillet Weld Leg Size Factors for Skewed T-Joints 439 Weld Shrink Allowances 55List of FiguresFigure Page No.I Schematic Temperature Versus Deformation Plot Showing Differences Between ConventionalHot-Rolling and Control-Rolling 52A Standard Charpy V-Notch Test Specimen 72
45、B Typical Charpy V-Notch Transition Temperature Curve for ABS Grade D Steel 73 Typical Charpy V-Notch Transition Temperature Curves for Several Grades of Steel 84 Tempering Passes 195 Typical Detail for Groove Welding Clad Plating 206 One Type of Gravity Feed Welding 227 Typical Joint Details and Ba
46、cking Material Positioning for One-Side Submerged Arc Welding 248 Automatic Fillet Welding of Stiffeners to Plate Panel Welds are Being Made Simultaneouslyon Both Sides of Stiffener 59 Vertical Electroslag and Electrogas Welding 2910 Consumable Guide Tube Welding 30II Typical Joint Details for One-S
47、ide Welding 112 Most Highly Stressed Areas of Hull Girder 213 Load-Elongation and Transition Temperature Curves for Specimens With Oxygen-Cut Edges 3314 Ending of Bulwark Fashion Plate Welded to Top of Sheerstrake 3415 Original Design of Hatch Corner on Liberty Ship 3516 Design of Hatch Corner on Vi
48、ctory Ship 5VIIPage No.17 Typical Hatch Corner in Way of Container Guides on Container Ship 3618 Typical Elliptical Hatch Corner 3619 Bilge Keel Endings 620 Stress Concentration at Intersecting Planes Eased by Brackets 3721 Typical Weld Details for Welding From One Side Only, Permanent Backing 3822
49、Two Methods of Edge Preparation for Groove Welds Near Plate Laps 3923 Transition From Riveting to Welding in Flush Seam 4024 Transition From Riveting to Welding in Lap Seam 025 Welded Water- or Oil-Stops at Intersecting Members 126 Welded Stops at Riveted Seam Lap 4127 Scallops 4228 Details for Skewed T-Joints 229 Typical Strongbacks 530 Cutout of Member to Permit Passage of Inboard Sliding Shoe and Cables 4631 Correction of Poor Fit-Up 4732 Welding Sequence at Intersection of Butt and Seam 4833 Welding Sequence for Plate Butt and Adjacent Seams 834 Typical Welding Sequen
