1、Sheet MetalWelding CodeAWSAn American National StandardD9.1M/D9.1:2012AWS D9.1M/D9.1:2012An American National StandardApproved by theAmerican National Standards InstituteJuly 20, 2012Sheet MetalWelding Code6th EditionSupersedes AWS D9.1M/D9.1:2006Prepared by theAmerican Welding Society (AWS) D9 Comm
2、ittee on Welding, Brazing, and Soldering of Sheet MetalUnder the Direction of theAWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved by theAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis code covers the arc and braze welding requirements for nonstructural sheet metal fabrications using the commonlywelded metals available
3、 in sheet form. Requirements and limitations governing procedure and performance qualificationare presented, and workmanship and inspection standards are supplied. The informative annexes provide useful informationon materials and processes.iiAWS D9.1M/D9.1:2012International Standard Book Number: 97
4、8-0-87171-820-4American Welding Society8669 Doral Blvd., Doral, FL 33166 2012 by American Welding SocietyAll rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaPhotocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform, including mecha
5、nical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyrightowner.Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal, personal, oreducational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the Americ
6、an Welding Society provided that the appropriatefee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet:.iiiAWS D9.1M/D9.1:2012Statement on the Use of American Welding Society StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended pract
7、ices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the AmericanWelding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, ormade part of
8、, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other govern-mental bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWSstandards must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisd
9、iction before they can become a part ofthose laws and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other documentthat invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirementsof an AWS standard mu
10、st be by agreement between the contracting parties.AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that bringstogether volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While the AWS administers theprocess and establishes ru
11、les to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evalu-ate, or verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature
12、whatsoever, whetherspecial, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or relianceon this standard. AWS also makes no guarantee or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any informationpublished herein.In issuing and making this s
13、tandard available, AWS is neither undertaking to render professional or other services for oron behalf of any person or entity, nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someoneelse. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or,
14、as appropriate, seek theadvice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. It isassumed that the use of this standard and its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and competent personnel.This standard may be superseded by the i
15、ssuance of new editions. This standard may also be corrected through publicationof amendments or errata. It may also be supplemented by publication of addenda. Information on the latest editions ofAWS standards including amendments, errata, and addenda are posted on the AWS web page (www.aws.org). U
16、sers shouldensure that they have the latest edition, amendments, errata, and addenda.Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard acceptany and all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liabil
17、ity for the infringement ofany patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.The AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.On occasion, text, tables, or figures are printed incorrectly, constituting errata. Such
18、 errata, when discovered, are postedon the AWS web page (www.aws.org).Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request,in writing, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be addressed to the American Welding
19、 Society,Attention: Managing Director, Technical Services Division, 8669 Doral Blvd., Doral, FL 33166 (see Annex K). With re-gard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered. Theseopinions are offered solely as a convenience to users of this s
20、tandard, and they do not constitute professional advice.Such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individuals do notspeak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations of AWS.In add
21、ition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS D9 Committee on Welding, Brazing, and Soldering of SheetMetal. It must be reviewed every five years, and if not revised, it must be eith
22、er reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments(recommendations, additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard arerequired and should be addressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWSD9 Committee on Welding, Brazing, an
23、d Soldering of Sheet Metal and the author of the comments will be informed ofthe Committees response to the comments. Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS D9 Committee onWelding, Brazing, and Soldering of Sheet Metal to express their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adv
24、ersedecision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee. Acopy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 8669 Doral Blvd., Doral, FL 33166.This page is intentionally blank.ivAWS D9.1M/D9.1:2012vAWS D9.1M/D9.1:2012
25、PersonnelAWS D9 Committee on the Welding, Brazing, and Soldering of Sheet MetalJ. J. Sekely, Chair Welding Services, IncorporatedW. S. Harker, Vice Chair U.S. Department of EnergyA. L. Diaz, Secretary American Welding SocietyE. W. Beckman ConsultantT. J. White First EnergyAdvisors to the AWS D9 Comm
26、ittee on the Welding, Brazing, and Soldering of Sheet MetalJ. L. Cooley J C therefore, each system must be used independently.1.3 Safety. Safety and health issues and concerns are beyond the scope of this standard and therefore are not addressedherein. Safety and health information is available from
27、 the following sources:American Welding Society:(1) ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes(2) AWS Safety and Health Fact Sheets(3) Other safety and health information on the AWS websiteMaterial or Equipment Manufacturers:(1) Material Safety Data Sheets supplied by materials man
28、ufacturers(2) Operating Manuals supplied by equipment manufacturersAWS D9.1M/D9.1:20122Applicable Regulatory AgenciesWork performed in accordance with this standard may involve the use of materials that have been deemed hazardous,and may involve operations or equipment that may cause injury or death
29、. This standard does not purport to address allsafety and health risks that may be encountered. The user of this standard should establish an appropriate safety programto address such risks as well as to meet applicable regulatory requirements. ANSI Z49.1 should be considered whendeveloping the safe
30、ty program.2. Normative ReferencesThe standards listed below contain provisions that through reference in this text constitute mandatory provisions of thisAWS standard. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced standard shall apply. For dated references,subsequent amendments to, o
31、r revisions of, any of these publications do not apply.ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes;1andAWS Standards:2AWS A2.4, Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination; andAWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, Including Terms for Adhes
32、ive Bonding, Brazing, Solder-ing, Thermal Cutting, and Thermal Spraying.3. Terms and DefinitionsAWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing, Soldering,Thermal Cutting, and Thermal Spraying, provides the basis for terms and definitions used he
33、rein. However, the followingterms and definitions are included below to accommodate usage specific to this document.For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply:Engineer. The duly designated person who acts on behalf of the Owner in all matters within the scope of thi
34、s code.Contractor. The party responsible for performing the welding under this code. The term is used collectively to meancontractor, fabricator, erector, or manufacturer.Independent Third Party. An organization or agency qualified to perform inspection and testing required by this code.Supplemental
35、 terms and definitions of significant importance to sheet metal welding are given in Annex B.Part AArc Welding4. General Provisions for Arc Welding4.1 Base Metal4.1.1 Base metals to be joined under this code include coated and uncoated forms of carbon steel, high strength low-alloy steel, chromium a
36、nd chromium-nickel stainless steel alloys, aluminum and aluminum alloys, copper and copperalloys, nickel and nickel alloys, and titanium and titanium alloys.1ANSI Z49. 1 is published by the American Welding Society, 8669 Doral Blvd., Doral, FL 33166.2AWS standards are published by the American Weldi
37、ng Society, 8669 Doral Blvd., Doral, FL 33166.AWS D9.1M/D9.1:201234.1.2 Rust inhibitive coatings (including weldable primers), galvanized or aluminized coatings, or anti-spatter com-pounds may remain on the metal to be joined.4.2 Filler Metal4.2.1 Filler metals shall be compatible with the base meta
38、l designated on the drawings or specified by the Engineer.4.2.2 Recommended filler metals are listed in Annex A.4.3 Processes. Joining processes under this code shall include shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), gas metal arc welding(GMAW), flux cored arc welding (FCAW), gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW
39、), plasma arc welding (PAW), and carbonarc welding (CAW). Other processes may be used, provided they are qualified in accordance with the requirements ofthis code.5. Arc Welding Procedure Qualification5.1 Prior Procedure Qualification5.1.1 The use of welding procedure specifications qualified in acc
40、ordance with AWS B2.1/B2.M, Specification forWelding Procedure and Performance Qualification, shall be accepted for welding to this code. Standard Welding ProcedureSpecifications (SWPSs) published by AWS shall be accepted as qualified procedures.5.1.2 The Engineer, exercising proper discretion, may
41、accept evidence of previous qualification of specific proceduresto be used on work being performed under this code.5.2 Required Procedure Qualification Tests5.2.1 Welding Procedure Specification. The qualification of a Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) shall be theresponsibility of the Contracto
42、r. Each welding procedure to be used in conjunction with this code shall be prepared as aWPS to be used in fabrication and installation. An independent third party may perform the actual procedure qualifica-tion tests and prepare the forms; however, the Contractor shall be responsible for certifying
43、 acceptance in accordancewith the requirements of this code (see 5.5.1). All required information for the WPS, listed in 5.3, shall be recorded on aform similar to that shown in Annex D.5.2.2 Typical Joints. Qualification of any groove weld shown in Annex G provides qualification for any groove orfi
44、llet weld. Qualification of any fillet weld shown in Annex G provides qualification for any fillet weld. Qualification ofa fillet weld does NOT provide qualification for a groove weld.5.2.3 Preparing Joint Chosen for Testing. The chosen joint type shall be prepared as a longitudinal weld jointbetwee
45、n two 75 mm 3 in by 150 mm 6 in sheets, assembled using one of the joints types shown in Figure 1 or byusing the actual joint to be used. Qualification testing using the butt joint in Figure 1 shall qualify all groove and fillet weldjoint types.5.2.4 Welding the Test Joint. The joint shall be welded
46、 using the process specified by the WPS (see 5.2.1).5.3 Limitations of Procedure Qualification. A qualified welding procedure shall be used only with the allowableranges of operating variables tested during qualification. These limits of essential variables are described in 5.3.1through 5.3.10. The
47、variables shall be recorded on a PQR form similar to that shown in Annex E.5.3.1 Base Metals. A change from one of the following base metal groups to another, or a change to a weld betweendissimilar metals, requires separate qualification:(1) Carbon steel with 0.30% maximum carbon and 0.50% maximum
48、chromium(2) High-strength, low-alloy steels(3) Chromium and chromium-nickel stainless steels(4) Copper and copper alloys(5) Nickel and nickel alloys(6) Aluminum and aluminum alloys(7) Titanium and titanium alloys4AWS D9.1M/D9.1:2012Figure 1Procedure Qualification Test AssembliesAWS D9.1M/D9.1:201255
49、.3.2 Coating Material. The addition or change, but not deletion, of coating material on the base metal requiresrequalification. Anti-spatter compound is not considered a coating material.5.3.3 Base Metal Thickness(1) A change in thickness to less than 0.5T or to greater than 2T, where T is the thickness of the thinner base metalqualified, requires requalification.(2) As an alternate to 5.3.3(1), the following qualification tests may be used to cover the complete range of all sheetmetal thicknesses as defined in Annex C.(a) A qualification weld performed on 18 gage metal shall provide qu
