1、AWS F1.1M:2006An American National StandardMethod forSampling AirborneParticulatesGenerated byWelding andAllied Processes550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126AWS F1.1M:2006An American National StandardApproved by theAmerican National Standards InstituteFebruary 16, 2006Method for SamplingAirborne P
2、articulates Generatedby Welding and Allied ProcessesSupersedes AWS F1.1:1999Prepared by theAmerican Welding Society (AWS) Project Committee on Fumes and GasesUnder the Direction of theAWS Committee on Safety and HealthApproved by theAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis document aids the reader in the
3、proper technique for sampling welding fume in the workplace. Emphasis is placedon positioning the sampling device and calibration of the equipment.iiAWS F1.1M:2006International Standard Book Number: 0-87171-030-7American Welding Society550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 2006 by American Welding
4、SocietyAll rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaPhotocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyrigh
5、towner.Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal, personal, oreducational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropriatefee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222
6、 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet:.iiiAWS F1.1M:2006Statement on the Use of American Welding Society StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the AmericanWelding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensu
7、s standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, ormade part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other gov
8、ern-mental bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWSstandards must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part ofthose laws and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry
9、the full legal authority of the contract or other documentthat invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirementsof an AWS standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.AWS American National Standards are developed throug
10、h a consensus standards development process that bringstogether volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While AWS administers the processand establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, orverify
11、 the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whetherspecial, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from th
12、e publication, use of, or relianceon this standard. AWS also makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any informationpublished herein.In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or onbehalf of any perso
13、n or entity. Nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someoneelse. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek theadvice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any gi
14、ven circumstances.This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. Users should ensure that they have the latest edition.Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard acceptany and all liabilities for infringement of
15、any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement ofany patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.Finally, AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.On occasion, text, tables, or f
16、igures are printed incorrectly, constituting errata. Such errata, when discovered, are postedon the AWS web page (www.aws.org).Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request,in writing, to the Managing Director, Technical Serv
17、ices Division, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road,Miami, FL 33126 (see Annex B). With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinionson AWS standards may be rendered. However, such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particularindividuals givi
18、ng them. These individuals do not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute officialor unofficial opinions or interpretations of AWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as asubstitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision
19、at any time by the AWS Safety and Health Committee. It must be reviewed everyfive years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions, ordeletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should be a
20、ddressed toAWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS Safety and Health Committee andthe author of the comments will be informed of the Committees response to the comments. Guests are invited to attendall meetings of the AWS Safety and Health Committee to express t
21、heir comments verbally. Procedures for appeal ofan adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the Technical ActivitiesCommittee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami,FL 33126.This page is in
22、tentionally blank.ivAWS F1.1M:2006vAWS F1.1M:2006Personnel*AdvisorAWS Committee on Safety and HealthS. R. Fiore, Chair Edison Welding InstituteD. E. Clark, 1st Vice Chair Idaho National Engineering and Environmental LaboratoryJ. D. Jennings, 2nd Vice Chair Miller Electric Manufacturing CompanyS. P.
23、Hedrick, Secretary American Welding SocietyM. S. Anderson ConsultantJ. M. Antonini National Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthK. Bancroft U.S. Geological SurveyK. L. Brown The Lincoln Electric Company*O. J. Fisher Consultant*J. F. Hinrichs Friction Stir Link, IncorporatedS. F. Kane Brookha
24、ven National LaboratoryK. A. Lyttle Praxair, IncorporatedA. F. Manz A. F. Manz Associates*M. T. Neu Caterpillar, IncorporatedA. A. Odermatt Hobart Brothers*R. J. Simonton U.S. Department of Energy*D. H. Sliney U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine*R. J. Tucker Consultant*R. M
25、. Tuggle U.S. Department of Energy*M. E. Wallace U.S. Public Health ServiceAWS Subcommittee on Fumes and GasesD. E. Clark, Chair Idaho National Engineering LaboratoryS. R. Fiore, Vice Chair Edison Welding InstituteS. P. Hedrick, Secretary American Welding Society*H. J. Bagnall Consultant*G. C. Barne
26、s ConsultantK. L. Brown The Lincoln Electric Company*W. J. Brutsche Ohio BWC/ Safety and Hygiene*H. R. Castner Edison Welding InstituteJ. W. Dimler JWD Associates*W. H. Drake, Jr. S.W. Missouri State UniversityD. A. Fink The Lincoln Electric Company*P. J. Hewitt University of BradfordK. A. Lyttle Pr
27、axair, IncorporatedJ. J. Palach Pal-Tech Consulting ServicesR. B. Smith Select-Arc*J. W. Tackett Consultant*M. E. Wallace U.S. Department of Health and Human ServicesA. M. Zhivov U.S. Army Corps of EngineersThis page is intentionally blank.viAWS F1.1M:2006viiAWS F1.1M:2006ForewordThis foreword is no
28、t a part of AWS F1.1M:2006, Method for Sampling Airborne ParticulatesGenerated by Welding and Allied Processes, but is included for informational purposes only.In 1976, the American Welding Society saw the need to standardize the procedure for sampling for air contaminants inthe welders breathing zo
29、ne. The Project Committee on Fumes and Gases, using expertise in welding as well as indus-trial hygiene, developed the technique through field testing. Minor modifications and editorial changes were made in the1985, 1992, 1999 and the current edition.SUGGESTIONSComments and suggestions for the impro
30、vement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary,Safety and Health Committee, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.REQUESTS FOR STANDARD INTERPRETATIONOfficial interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtai
31、ned by sending a request,in writing, to:Managing Director of Technical ServicesAmerican Welding Society550 N.W. LeJeune RoadMiami, FL 33126Requests not in writing cannot be considered for an official interpretation (see Annex B).This page is intentionally blank.viiiAWS F1.1M:2006ixAWS F1.1M:2006Tabl
32、e of ContentsPage No.PersonnelvForeword viiTable of Contents.ixList of Tables xList of Figures.x1. Scope.12. Referenced Documents .13. Definitions 14. Summary of Methods15. Fume Concentration Exposure Conditions.26. Sampling Considerations27. Sampling Equipment.28. Sample Conditioning.49. Sampling T
33、echnique49.1 Breathing Zone Helmet Test49.2 General Area Test410. Sample Calculation for Total Fume Concentration.510.1 Test Data510.2 Calculation.5Annex A (Informative)Method for Sampling Airborne Particulates Generated by WeldingAnnex A (Informative)and Allied Processes7Annex B (Informative)Guidel
34、ines for the Preparation of Technical Inquiries.9List of AWS Documents on Fumes and Gases in the Welding Environment11xAWS F1.1M:2006List of TablesTable Page No.1 Suggested Helmet Area Test Fume Data Form .3List of FiguresFigure Page No.1 Filter Cassette Assembly Properly Positioned Inside the Weldi
35、ng Helmet for Testing 4AWS F1.1M:200611. ScopeThis standard prescribes a procedure for sampling fumesgenerated by welding and allied processes. Because it islimited to health hazard evaluation, the standard is pri-marily concerned with sampling at the workers breath-ing zone (see 4.1). It also presc
36、ribes procedures forgeneral area sampling of fumes. However, the samplingmethods described by this standard apply only to thesampling of solid particulate matter.Safety and health issues and concerns are beyond thescope of this standard, and therefore are not fully ad-dressed herein. Safety and heal
37、th information is availablefrom other sources, including, but not limited to, ANSIZ49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes,and applicable federal and state regulations.This standard makes sole use of the International Systemof Units (SI).2. Referenced Documents1. ANSI Z49.1, Safety in
38、 Welding, Cutting, andAllied Processes12. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM),4th Edition23. Definitionsgeneral area. Sampling zone located at an appropriatelocation within the operating work area but outside the1ANSI Z49.1 and AWS standards are published by the AmericanWelding Society, 550 N.
39、W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.2NIOSH documents are available from the Superintendent ofDocuments, Government Printing Office, 732 North CapitolStreet, N.W., Washington, DC 20401.welders helmet. The general area sample is taken dur-ing the performance of normal working operations.breathing zone. T
40、he area immediately adjacent to thewelders nose and mouth, inside the welders helmetwhen worn, or within 230 mm of the welders noseand mouth when a helmet is not worn.welding fume. Airborne solid particulate matter gener-ated by the welding process. Fume particles are usu-ally submicron in size, and
41、 thus tend to remainairborne and drift with air currents.weld zone. The localized area including the weld metal,heat-affected zone (HAZ), and adjacent surfaces fromwhich contaminants may be volatilized by the heat ofwelding to form welding fumes.4. Summary of Methods4.1 The breathing zone test is de
42、signed to measure theexposure of an individual welder to the welding fumegenerated by welding processes. When a helmet is worn,sampling is performed by drawing a measured volume ofair through a filter assembly, and trapping the solid par-ticulate matter on the filter. The filter cassette inlet ispos
43、itioned inside the welding helmet at mouth level,approximately 50 mm to the right or left of the breathingzone centerline. If a helmet is not worn, the breathingzone sample is obtained by placing the filter cassettewithin 230 mm of the operators nose.4.2 The general area sampling test is designed to
44、 mea-sure the concentration level of welding fumes and otherparticulate matter that may be present or generated fromother sources in the environment. The general area sam-ple is not indicative of personal exposure levels, but canprovide information on contaminant background levelsin the vicinity. Sa
45、mpling is performed by drawing a mea-sured volume of air through a filter cassette assemblypositioned at a selected point of interest and trapping thesolid particulate matter on the filter.Method for Sampling Airborne ParticulatesGenerated by Welding and Allied ProcessesAWS F1.1M:200625. Fume Concen
46、tration Exposure Conditions5.1 Fume concentrations and the resultant exposure ofthe individual welder to the fume can be affected by atleast seven basic factors:1. Environmental conditions,2. Type and brand of welding consumables,3. Welding parameters,4. Base metal,5. Surface coating or contaminants
47、,6. Design of welding helmets, and7. Shielding gas.A change in any of these factors can result in a change inthe fume concentration and individual exposure levelduring operation of the welding process. It is thereforeimportant to be aware of the conditions under which thefume sampling test is being
48、performed.5.1.1 Environmental conditions which affect fumeconcentrations and the individuals exposure levelshould be recorded. Room size, ventilation conditions,and position of the welder relative to any exhaust shouldbe recorded. The position of the welders helmet withrespect to the weld zone and v
49、olume of fume is verysignificant. The position should be carefully observedand recorded. A welder could significantly alter theresult by changing this position, for example, by posi-tioning the helmet directly in the fume plume.Note: Wide variations in concentration exist between thevisible plume of fume and areas adjacent to the fumeplume. Accordingly, this can be a source of considerablevariation in measurement and exposure.5.1.2 The type and manufacturers brand of weldingconsumable should be recorded. The AWS electrode orrod classification and diameter should be recorded.5.1.
