1、AWS G2.1M/G2.1:2012An American National StandardGuide for theJoining of WroughtNickel-BasedAlloysAWS G2.1M/G2.1:2012An American National StandardApproved by theAmerican National Standards InstituteOctober 16, 2012Guide for the Joining ofWrought Nickel-Based Alloys2nd EditionSupersedes AWS G2.1M/G2.1
2、:2002Prepared by theAmerican Welding Society (AWS) G2 Committee on the Joining of Metals and AlloysUnder the Direction of theAWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved by theAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis document describes the welding of different wrought nickel-based alloys, including solid so
3、lution and precipitationhardening alloys.iiAWS G2.1M/G2.1:2012International Standard Book Number: 978-0-87171-828-0American Welding Society8669 Doral Blvd., Suite 130, Doral, FL 33166 2012 by American Welding SocietyAll rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaPhotocopy Rights. No porti
4、on of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyrightowner.Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom us
5、e only or the internal, personal, oreducational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropriatefee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet:.iiiAWS G2.1M/G2.1:2012St
6、atement on the Use of American Welding Society StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the AmericanWelding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of theAmerican Natio
7、nal Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, ormade part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other govern-mental bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In
8、such cases, any changes in those AWSstandards must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part ofthose laws and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other documentthat invokes the AWS standar
9、ds. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirementsof an AWS standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that bringstogether volunteers representin
10、g varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While AWS administers theprocess and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evalu-ate, or verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its
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14、ns is entrusted to appropriately qualified and competent personnel.This standard may be superseded by new editions. This standard may also be corrected through publication of amendmentsor errata or supplemented by publication of addenda. Information on the latest editions of AWS standards includinga
15、mendments, errata, and addenda is posted on the AWS web page (www.aws.org). Users should ensure that they have thelatest edition, amendments, errata, and addenda.Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard acceptany and all liabili
16、ties for infringement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement ofany patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.Official interp
17、retations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request,in writing, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be addressed to the American Welding Society,Attention: Managing Director, Technical Services Division, 8669 Doral Blvd.,
18、 Suite 130, Doral, FL 33166 (see Annex B).With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered.These opinions are offered solely as a convenience to users of this standard, and they do not constitute professional advice.Such opinions repres
19、ent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individuals do notspeak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations of AWS.In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for
20、 an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS G2 Committee on the Joining of Metals and Alloys. It mustbe reviewed every five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations,additions, or deletions) and any per
21、tinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and shouldbe addressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS G2 Committee onthe Joining of Metals and Alloys and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committees response to
22、 thecomments. Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS G2 Committee on the Joining of Metals and Alloys toexpress their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are providedin the Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee
23、. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the AmericanWelding Society, 8669 Doral Blvd., Suite 130, Doral, FL 33166.This page is intentionally blank.ivAWS G2.1M/G2.1:2012vAWS G2.1M/G2.1:2012PersonnelAWS G2 Committee on Joining Metals and AlloysF. S. Babish, Chair Sandvik Materials TechnologyG. Du
24、nn, Vice Chair ExxonMobil Development CompanyA. L. Diaz, Secretary American Welding SocietyR. E. Avery Consultant to Nickel InstituteS. O. Luke Black the first was published in 2002. Underlined text in clauses, tables, or figures indicates an editorial or technical change from the 2002 edition. A ve
25、rticalline in the margin also indicates a revision from the 2002 edition.Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary,AWS G2 Committee on the Joining of Metals and Alloys, American Welding Society, 8669 Doral Blvd., Suite 130,Doral,
26、FL 33166.This page is intentionally blank.viiiAWS G2.1M/G2.1:2012ixAWS G2.1M/G2.1:2012Table of ContentsPage No.Personnel vForeword.viiList of Tables.xList of Figures.x1. General Requirements .11.1 Scope .11.2 Units of Measure .11.3 Safety.12. Normative References 13. Terms and Definitions 24. Introd
27、uction 35. The Solid Solution Strengthened Nickel-Based Alloys35.1 General Alloy Background Data .35.2 Welding Requirements and Recommendations.156. The Precipitation-Hardenable Nickel-Based Alloys446.1 General Alloy Bachground Data .446.2 Welding Requirements and Recommendations.47Annex A (Informat
28、ive)Informative References51Annex B (Informative)Guidelines for the Preparation of Technical Inquiries .53List of AWS Documents on the Joining of Metals and Alloys 55xAWS G2.1M/G2.1:2012List of TablesTable Page No.1 Limiting Chemical Composition of Typical Solid Solution Nickel Alloy Composition .42
29、 Chemical Compositions of Precipitation-Hardenable Nickel Alloys (wt %).63 Typical Annealing Temperatures for Solid Solution Nickel Alloys.104 Liquidus/Solidus (Melting Range) Temperatures for Nickel Alloys115 Melting Temperatures.156 Suggested Filler Metals for Solid Solution Nickel Alloys .177 Wel
30、d Metal Required for Various Joint Designs 218 Density of Nickel Alloys 239 Common Fusion Welding Processes 2410 SMAW Joint Design and Welding Techniques for Welding Nickel-Based Alloys 2511 Typical Parameters for SMAW Welding ProcessFlat Position (Nickel Alloys).2612 Typical Welding Parameters for
31、Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Nickel Alloys, ApproximateCurrent Settings for Flat Position Welding.2713 Typical Parameters for GTAW Welding ProcessNickel Alloys3014 Typical Parameters for GMAW Welding ProcessNickel Alloys 3215 Typical Parameters for Submerged Arc WeldingNickel Alloys.3516 Metal Requ
32、ired for Submerged Arc Butt Welds in Plate .36List of FiguresFigure Page No.1 High Temperature Fabrication Issues.132 Comparison of Joint Designs Used for Steel and Nickel-Based Alloys.193 Joint Designs for Nickel-Based Alloys 204 Approximate Filler Metal Weight per Length of Weld 245 Optimum Electr
33、ode Position for Submerged Arc Circumferential Welding on Pipe.38AWS G2.1M/G2.1:20121Guide for the Joining of Wrought Nickel-Based Alloys1. General Requirements1.1 Scope. This guide presents a description of wrought nickel-based alloys and the processes and procedures that can beused to join these m
34、aterials. It stresses the process basics, parameters, applications, and safety considerations. Practicalinformation has been included in the form of figures, tables, and graphs that should prove useful in determining capabil-ities and limitations in the joining of these materials.1.2 Units of Measur
35、e.This standard makes use of both the International System of Units (SI) and U.S. Customary Units.The latter are shown with brackets ( ) or in appropriate columns in tables and figures. The measurements may not beexact equivalents; therefore, each system should be used independently.1.3 Safety. Safe
36、ty and health issues and concerns are beyond the scope of this standard; some safety and health informa-tion is provided, but such issues are not fully addressed here.Safety and health information is available from the following sources:American Welding Society:(1) ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cut
37、ting, and Allied Processes(2) AWS Safety and Health Fact Sheets(3) Other safety and health information on the AWS websiteMaterial or Equipment Manufacturers:(1) Material Safety Data Sheets supplied by materials manufacturers(2) Operating Manuals supplied by equipment manufacturersApplicable Regulato
38、ry AgenciesWork performed in accordance with this standard may involve the use of materials that have been deemed hazardous,and may involve operations or equipment that may cause injury or death. This standard does not purport to address allsafety and health risks that may be encountered. The user o
39、f this standard should establish an appropriate safety programto address such risks as well as to meet applicable regulatory requirements. ANSI Z49.1 should be considered whendeveloping the safety program.2. Normative ReferencesThe standards listed below contain provisions, which, through reference
40、in this text, constitute mandatory provisions ofthis AWS standard. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced standard shall apply. For dated references,subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply.American Welding Society (AWS) standards:1AWS A
41、2.4, Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination;AWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions;1AWS standards are published by the American Welding Society, 8669 Doral Blvd., Suite 130, Doral, FL 33166.AWS G2.1M/G2.1:20122AWS A5.11/A5.11M, Specification for Nickel
42、and Nickel-Alloy Welding Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding;AWS A5.14/A5.14M, Specification for Nickel and Nickel-Alloy Bare Welding Electrodes and Rods;AWS A5.34/A5.34M, Specification for Nickel-Alloy Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc Welding; andAWS B2.1/B2.1M, Specification for Welding Procedu
43、re and Performance Qualification.American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard:2ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied ProcessesAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard:3ANSI Z87.1, Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face ProtectionASM International st
44、andard:4ASM Handbook, Volume 6, Welding, Brazing, and SolderingAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) standard:5ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IXASTM International standard:6ASTM A380, Standard Recommended Practice for Cleaning and Descaling and Passivation of Stainless Steel
45、 Parts,Equipment and SystemsOccupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standard:7OSHA, Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29, Labor, Chapter XV11, Part 1910, “Occupational Safety and HealthStandards”SAE International standard:8SAE HS-1086, Metals this is called complete solid sol-ubility a
46、nd is the simplest alloy system. When some other metals combine with nickel, however, two or more phases maybe formed and the mechanical properties of the alloy are more difficult to predict. This is particularly important in weldingdissimilar materials because there are at least two, and often thre
47、e, different alloys contributing to the weld structurethe two base materials and the filler metal.5.1.3 Heat Treatment. The solid solution strengthened nickel-based alloys are heat treated for two main reasons:first, to provide an optimum microstructure thereby providing optimum performance in a par
48、ticular environment (such asto provide corrosion resistance or to maximize creep rupture properties), and second, to relieve fabrication and weldingstresses. These heat treatment conditions falls into two temperature ranges, the low temperature treatment is referred toas a stress relief anneal, and
49、the high temperature heat treatment is referred to as a solution anneal.AWS G2.1M/G2.1:20129A stress relieve anneal is performed to relief the stresses in the material and is not intended to increase the grain size. Asolution anneal is performed at higher temperatures than a stress relief anneal and is usually done to improve the materialshigh temperature properties by increasing the grain size. Excessive grain growth can be undesirable, however, and closemonitoring of the postweld heat treatment is required since base material and weld material properties can be dramaticallyaltere
