1、 AWWA Standard SM Soda Ash Effective date: Nov. 1, 2013. First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors July 1, 1949. This edition approved June 9, 2013. Approved by American National Standards Institute Aug. 28, 2013. ANSI/AWWA B201-13 (Revision of ANSI/AWWA B201-08) Copyright 2013 American Wate
2、r Works Association. All Rights Reserved. ii AWWA Standard This document is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally contained in spec
3、ifications. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the standard. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA pub- lication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any product or product typ
4、e, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is entirely voluntary. This standard does not supersede or take precedence over or displace any applicable law, regulation, or codes of any governmental authority. AWWA standards are intended to represent a consensus o
5、f the water supply industry that the product described will provide satisfactory service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed on the first page of the Official Notice section of Journal - American Water Works Association. The action becomes effec
6、tive on the first day of the month following the month of Journal - American Water Works Association publication of the official notice. American National Standard An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An American National S
7、tandard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has ap - proved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products,
8、 processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are encour - aged to state on their own responsibility
9、 in advertising and promotional materials or on tags or labels that the goods are produced in conformity with particular American National Standards. Caution n oti Ce : The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANSI
10、 approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of ANSI approval. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive curre
11、nt information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036; (212) 642-4900, or emailing infoansi.org. ISBN-13, print: 978-1-58321-988-1 eISBN-13, electronic: 978-1-61300-266-7 All rights reserved. No part of
12、this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Co
13、pyright 2013 by American Water Works Association Printed in USA Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. iii Committee Personnel The AWWA Standards Committee on Softening and Conditioning Chemicals, which reviewed and approved this standard, had the following personnel a
14、t the time of approval: Clyde R. Dugan, Chair General Interest Members W.J. Conlon, Land O Lakes, Fla. (AWWA) T.O. Crowley, Lees Summit, Mo. (AWWA) R.J. Casale-Meterchick,* Standards Council Liaison, American Water, Voorhees, N.J. (AWWA) S.J. Posavec,* Standards Group Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. (A
15、WWA) B.H. Wilder, Daytona Beach, Fla. (AWWA) M.H. Winegard, Consoer Townsend Envirodyne, Wheaton, Ill. (AWWA) Producer Members R.A. Brandau, General Chemical, Richmond, Va. (AWWA) D. Burnett, Burnett Inc., Campobello, S.C. (AWWA) J.M. Shepard, Middletown, Del. (AWWA) User Members I. Alvarez, John Pr
16、eston Water Plant, Hialeah, Fla. (AWWA) C.R. Dugan, East Lansing Meridian Water and Sewer Authority, East Lansing, Mich. (AWWA) D.A. Visintainer, City of St. Louis Water Division, St. Louis, Mo. (AWWA) * Liaison, nonvoting Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. This pa
17、ge intentionally blank. Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. v Contents All AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this format may be found in a particular standard. SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE Foreword I Introduction. . vii I.A
18、 Background . vii I.B History vii I.C Acceptance vii II Special Issues viii III Use of This Standard . x III.A Purchaser Options and Alternatives . x III.B Modification to Standard x IV Major Revisions . x V Comments x Standard 1 General 1.1 Scope 1 1.2 Purpose . 1 1.3 Application 1 2 References 2 3
19、 Definitions . 2 4 Requirements 4.1 Physical Requirements . 3 4.2 Chemical Composition . 3 4.3 Impurities 3 5 Verification 5.1 Sampling . 4 5.2 Apparent Density 4 5.3 Insoluble Matter 5 5.4 Total Available Alkali 5 5.5 Notice of Nonconformance . 6 6 Delivery 6.1 Marking 7 6.2 Packaging and Shipping
20、7 6.3 Affidavit of Compliance 8 Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. This page intentionally blank. Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. vii Foreword This foreword is for information only and is not a part of ANSI*/AWWA B201. I. Intro
21、duction. I.A. Background. Soda ash is the common name for the technical grades of anhydrous sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ). Light and dense soda ash differ in physical characteristics only, such as density (weight of unit volume), angle of repose, and size and shape of particles. Light soda ash is a
22、powder; dense soda ash is granular. Soda ash is an anhydrous material having a sodium carbonate content of more than 99 percent and a sodium oxide (Na 2 O) equivalent of more than 57.9 percent. Sodium carbonate, although readily soluble in water, has the unusual characteristic of attaining maximum s
23、olubility at 95.7F (35.4C). At this temperature, 100 parts of water dissolve 49.7 parts of sodium carbonate. The solubility of sodium carbonate decreases at tempera- tures above and below 95.7F (35.4C). I.B. History. The fir st edition of this standard for soda ash was prepared under the direction o
24、f the AWWA Water Purification Division. The standard was approved by the Executive Committee of the Water Purification Division and by the Water Works Practice Committee, and received approval of the AWWA Board of Directors on July 1, 1949. Additional reviews resulted in an edited copy that was reaf
25、firmed and approved as “Tentative” on Oct. 15, 1951. The initial document was made standard on May 15, 1953. This standard was revised by the AWWA Standards Committee on Softening and Conditioning Chemicals. Subsequent editions of ANSI/AWWA B201 were approved on Jan. 26, 1959; Jan. 28, 1974; Jan. 28
26、, 1980; June 14, 1987; Jan. 26, 1992; Jan. 25, 1998; Jan. 19, 2003; and January 27, 2008. This edition was approved on June 9, 2013. I.C. Acceptance. In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF International (NSF) to d
27、evelop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a certification program for direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other members of the original consortium included the Water Research Foundation (formerly AwwaRF) and the Conference of State Health and Environmental Managers (COSHEM). The
28、 * American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036. Water Research Foundation, 6666 W. Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO 80235. Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. viii American Water Works Association and the Association of Stat
29、e Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) joined later. In the United States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact with, drinking water rests with individual states.* Local agencies may choose to impose requirements more stringent than those required by the state. To evaluate the h
30、ealth effects of products and drinking water additives from such products, state and local agencies may use various references, including a standard developed under the direc- tion of NSF, NSF /ANSI 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects. Various certification organizations may be invo
31、lved in certifying products in accor- dance with NSF/ANSI 60. Individual states or local agencies have authority to accept or accredit certification organizations within their jurisdiction. Accreditation of certi- fication organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Annex A, “Toxicolog
32、y Review and Evaluation Procedures,” to NSF/ANSI 60 does not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for substances not regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The MALs of an unspecified list of “unregulated contaminants” are based on toxicity testing guideline
33、s (noncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens). Use of Annex A procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certifier. ANSI/AWWA B201 addresses additives requirements in Sec. 4.3.2 of the standard. The transfer of contaminants from chemicals to processed water or
34、to residual solids is becoming a problem of great concern. The language in Sec. 4.3.2 is a recommenda- tion only for direct additives used in the treatment of potable water to be certified by an accredited certification organization in accordance with NSF/ANSI 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsH
35、ealth Effects. However, users of the standard may opt to make this certification a requirement for the product. Users of this standard should also consult the appropriate state or local agency having jurisdiction in order to 1. Determine additives requirements, including applicable standards. 2. Det
36、ermine the status of certifications by parties offering to certify products for contact with, or treatment of, drinking water. 3. Determine current information on product certification. II. Special Issues. Soda ash is usually shipped in bulk or in 100-lb (45-kg) multiwall paper bags, although it is
37、also available in drums and barrels. The material can be readily handled mechanically by screw or belt conveyors, bucket elevators, * Persons outside the United States should contact the appropriate authority having jurisdiction. NSF International, 789 N. Dixboro Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105. American N
38、ational Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036. Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. ix or pneumatic systems. Soda ash should be stored in a dry, cool place with minimal exposure to moisture and air. With prolonged storage, soda as
39、h has a tendency to lump and becomes difficult to handle and dissolve. Soda ash is normally fed into water being treated using volumetric or gravimetric mechanical feeders equipped with dissolving chambers. Less frequently, solution feed- ing is used. The solution is prepared in tanks and fed by met
40、ering pumps. Soda ash can also be stored in a tank as a slurry with a concentrated 30 percent solution being withdrawn from the upper portion of the tank for application to the treatment process. This method requires much less storage space, because the dry soda ash has a bulk density of 35 lb/ft 3(
41、560 kg/m 3 ). Monohydrate slurries have bulk densi- ties ranging from 83 lb/ft 3to 117 lb/ft 3(1,328 kg/m 3to 1,872 kg/m 3 ). Dry soda ash bulk densities range from 33 lb/ft 3to 68 lb/ft 3(560 kg/m 3to 1,088 kg/m 3 ). Soda ash is a relatively harmless chemical and, under normal conditions, has no ma
42、rked effects on skin, the respiratory system, or clothing. It is neither explosive nor inflammable, and it is not classified as a dangerous substance. Soda ash may produce a temporary irritation of the respiratory system, but the symptoms will disappear once contact with soda ash is discontinued. Pe
43、rsons han- dling soda ash should be equipped with goggles and dust respirators when dustiness is prevalent. Eye irritation should be treated by flushing the affected eye with tap water for 15 min or longer. Any condition of prolonged irritation should be referred to a physician for treatment. Indivi
44、duals who are particularly sensitive to alkaline materials or who have a pre- existing skin disease may develop dermatitis when working with soda ash. It is advis- able to use a protective agent, such as an ointment or cream, to prevent this condition. Normal skin irritations can be relieved by bath
45、ing the affected parts in a 5 percent boric acid solution. Every effort should be made to avoid the simultaneous presence of soda ash and lime dust. The combination of these chemicals in the presence of moisture or perspira- tion will cause the formation of irritating caustic soda. Where both soda a
46、sh and lime are used, workers exposed to one chemical should carefully wash it away and remove its dust from clothing before working in the presence of the other chemical. Workers entering storage bins or silos containing soda ash should always wear approved safety belts and connecting ropes to faci
47、litate rescue in the event the soda ash shifts or slides. In addition, workers should be in constant communication with someone stationed outside the storage facility. Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. x III. Use of This Standard. It is the responsibility of the u
48、ser of an AWWA standard to determine that the products described in that standard are suitable for use in the particular application being considered. III.A. Purchaser Options and Alternatives. The following information should be provided by the purchaser: 1. Standard usedthat is, ANSI/AWWA B201, So
49、da Ash, of latest revision. 2. Quantity required. 3. Whether compliance with NSF/ANSI 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects, is required. 4. Details of other federal, state or provincial, and local requirements (Section 4). 5. Density required (Sec. 4.1). 6. Whether the purchaser will reject product from containers or packaging with missing or damaged seals. The purchaser may reject product from bulk containers or packages with missing or damaged seals unless the purchasers tests of representative samples, conducted in accordanc
