1、 ANSI/AWWA B702-11 (Revision of ANSI/AWWA B702-06) AWWA Standard Effective date: Oct. 1, 2011. First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors May 27, 1954. This edition approved June 12, 2011. Approved by American National Standards Institute July 12, 2011. 6666 West Quincy Avenue Advocacy Denver
2、, CO 80235-3098 Communications T 800.926.7337 Conferences www.awwa.org Education and TrainingScience and TechnologySections The Authoritative Resource on Safe WaterSodium Fluorosilicate SM Copyright 2011 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. ii AWWA Standard This document is an Amer
3、ican Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally contained in specifi- cations. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by
4、the user of the standard. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA publication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AWWA standards i
5、s entirely voluntary. This standard does not supersede or take precedence over or displace any applicable law, regulation, or codes of any governmental authority. AWWA standards are intended to represent a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will provide satisfactory se
6、rvice. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed on the first page of the classified advertising section of Journal AWWA. The action becomes effective on the first day of the month following the month of Journal AWWA publication of the official notice.
7、 American National Standard An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Stan
8、dard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. Ameri- can National Standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cauti
9、oned to obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are encouraged to state on their own responsibility in advertising and promotional materials or on tags or labels that the goods are produced in conformity with particular American National S
10、tandards. Caution n oti Ce : The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken to
11、reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York,
12、NY 10036; (212) 642-4900, or e-mailing infoansi.org. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts o
13、r quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Copyright 2011 by American Water Works Association Printed in USA Copyright 2011 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. iii Committee Personnel The AWWA Standards Committee on Fluorides, which reviewed
14、 and approved this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval: David W. Heumann, Chair Gus Navar, Secretary General Interest Members F. Barker, Department of Public HealthRadiation Control Program, Dorchester, Mass. (NEWWA) K. Duchon, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, At
15、lanta, Ga. (USCDC) H.C. Liang, Denver, Colo. (AWWA) M.L. Magnant, Department of Public Health, Des Moines, Iowa (AWWA) C. Marcos, Northeast Pump Jan. 24, 1971; Jan. 30, 1984; Jan. 29, 1989; Jan. 30, 1994; June 20, 1999, and Feb. 12, 2006. * American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street,
16、 Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036. AWWA Manual M4, Water Fluoridation Principles and Practices, AWWA, Denver, Colo. Copyright 2011 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. viii This edition was prepared by the AWWA Standards Committee on Fluorides and approved on June 12, 2011. I.C. Ac
17、ceptance. In September 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF International (NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a certification program for direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other m
18、embers of the original consortium included the American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AwwaRF, now Water Research Foundation * ) and the Conference of State Health and Environmental Managers (COSHEM). The American Water Works Association (AWWA) and the Association of State Drinking Wat
19、er Administrators (ASDWA) joined later. In April 1990, USEPA formally withdrew its list of acceptable drinking water additives, and regulatory oversight of direct and indirect drinking water additives passed to the process developed by the consortium under the leadership of NSF. In the United States
20、, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact with, drinking water rests with individual states. Local agencies may choose to impose requirements more stringent than those required by the state. To evaluate the health effects of products and drinking water additives from such products,
21、state and local agencies may use various references, including two standards developed under the direc- tion of NSF, NSF /ANSI 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects, and NSF/ANSI 61, Drinking Water System ComponentsHealth Effects. NSF, in cooperation with ASDWA, does a biennial survey
22、 of US states and Canadian prov- inces/territories to determine which states and provinces/territories require by legisla- tion, regulations, or policies that products and drinking water additives be evaluated by NSF/ANSI 60 and 61. Survey results from 2009 show adoption of NSF/ANSI 60 by 47 states
23、and 9 provinces/territories, and adoption of NSF/ANSI 61 by 46 states and 11 provinces/territories. Several organizations are accredited by national or international third-party agen- cies to certify products in accordance with NSF/ANSI 60. States, provinces/territories, local agencies, and water ut
24、ilities can determine which certification organizations are acceptable within their individual jurisdictions. Annex A, “Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures,” to NSF/ANSI 60 does not stipulate a total allowable concentration (TAC) or a single product allowable * Water Research Foundation, 666
25、6 W. Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO 80235. Persons outside the United States should contact the appropriate authority having jurisdiction. NSF International, 789 N. Dixboro Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105. Copyright 2011 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. ix concentration (SPAC) value of a
26、contaminant for substances not regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The TACs and SPACs of an unspecified list of “unregulated contaminants” are based on toxicity testing guidelines (noncarcino- gens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens). Use of Annex A procedure
27、s may not always be identical, depending on the certifier. ANSI/AWWA B702 addresses additives requirements in Sec. 4.3 of the standard. The transfer of contaminants from chemicals to processed water or to residual sol- ids is becoming a problem of greater concern. Sec. 4.3.3 recommends that material
28、 covered by this standard be certified by an accredited agency for compliance with NSF/ANSI 60. As noted above, most states and provinces/territories require that direct additives be certified to NSF/ANSI 60. A user of this standard should consult with the state, province/territory, or local agency
29、having jurisdiction for certification requirements, but the user may require certification even in the absence of such a requirement by the agency having jurisdiction. II. Special Issues. II.A. Storage, Handling, and Safety Precautions. Sodium fluorosilicate must be stored in a clean, dry location.
30、The storage area must be well ventilated. Sodium fluorosilicate has a tendency to compact or cake when exposed to moisture, when bags are stacked too high, or during long periods of storage. Bags of sodium fluorosilicate should be stored on pallets in stacks not more than six bags high to minimize c
31、ompaction. Sodium fluorosilicate is hazardous if swallowed or inhaled in large amounts. Inges- tion of 4 to 5 g of fluoride ion (F ) per 150 lb (68 kg) body weight may be fatal. The inhalation of sodium fluorosilicate dust should be avoided. Protective safety gear should be worn when handling sodium
32、 fluorosilicate. The following list of protective clothing and equipment should be the minimum available: 1. A high-efficiency dust respirator (chemical mask) with a soft rubber face-to- mask seal and replaceable cartridges approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health/Mine S
33、afety Health Administration (NIOSH/MSHA).* 2. Gauntlet neoprene gloves (12-in. 300-mm minimum glove length). 3. Heavy-duty neoprene aprons. 4. Splash-proof goggles. * NIOSH/MSHA approval is given to various masks. Each brand is evaluated by NIOSH/MSHA for the proposed use and conditions. Available f
34、rom the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226; or Mine Safety and Health Administration, 4015 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, VA 22203. Copyright 2011 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. x Feeders should be equipped with du
35、st collectors. Spills should be cleaned up imme- diately. Personnel should wash thoroughly after handling sodium fluorosilicate. For additional safety precautions, refer to material safety data sheets (MSDS) available from the chemical supplier or manufacturer. III. Use of This Standard. It is the r
36、esponsibility of the user of an AWWA standard to determine that the products described in that standard are suitable for use in the particular application being considered. III.A. Purchaser Options and Alternatives. The following information should be provided by the purchaser. 1. Standard usedthat
37、is, ANSI/AWWA B702, Standard for Sodium Fluorosilicate, of latest revision. 2. Quantity required. 3. Whether compliance with NSF/ANSI 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects, is required. 4. Details of other federal, state or provincial, and local requirements (Section 4). 5. Additional
38、 size requirements for feedability and dust suppression if desired (see paragraphs below and Sec. 4.1). 6. Whether the purchaser will reject product from containers or packaging with missing or damaged seals. The purchaser may reject product from bulk containers or packages with missing or damaged s
39、eals unless the purchasers tests of representative samples, conducted in accordance with Sec. 5.2, demonstrate that the product meets the standard. Failure to meet the standard or the absence of, or irregularities in, seals may be sufficient cause to reject a shipment. 7. Form of shipmentbulk or pac
40、kage, package type and package size (weight (Sec. 6.2). 8. Whether alternative security measures have been adopted to replace or aug- ment the security measures set out in Sec. 6.2.4 and 6.2.5. 9. If an affidavit of compliance, a certified analysis, or both, are required (Sec. 6.3). The specific req
41、uirements for a material that is of proper screen size for the feeding equipment and that will remain “free flowing” after a definite period of time and con- dition of storage are matters that should be agreed on by both purchaser and supplier before shipment. At this time, widely varying methods of
42、 feeding and storing sodium fluorosilicate preclude the possibility of including a firm standard on size to satisfy all these variables. Feedability appears to depend on the uniformity of size between US Standard Sieves No. 100 (150 m) and No. 325 (44 m) (a narrow size distribution) and a low-moisture content. Copyright 2011 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
