1、 AWWA Standard SM Stainless-Steel Pipe Flange Joints for Water Service Sizes 2 In. Through 72 In. (50 mm Through 1,800 mm) Effective date: Nov. 1, 2014. First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors Jan. 27, 2008. This edition approved June 8, 2014. Approved by American National Standards Instit
2、ute July 8, 2014. ANSI/AWWA C228-14 (Revision of ANSI/AWWA C228-08) Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. ii AWWA Standard This document is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and
3、 do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally contained in specifications. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the standard. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined
4、. AWWA pub- lication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is entirely voluntary. This standard does not supersede or take precedence over or displace any applicable law, regulation
5、, or code of any governmental authority. AWWA standards are intended to represent a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will provide satisfactory service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed in the Official Notice se
6、ction of Journal - American Water Works Association. The action becomes effective on the first day of the month fol- lowing the month of Journal - American Water Works Association publication of the official notice. American National Standard An American National Standard implies a consensus of thos
7、e substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has ap - proved the
8、 standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an Am
9、erican National Standard are encour - aged to state on their own responsibility in advertising and promotional materials or on tags or labels that the goods are produced in conformity with particular American National Standards. Caution n oti Ce : The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) app
10、roval date on the front cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the dat
11、e of ANSI approval. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036; 212.642.4900, or emailing infoansi.org. ISBN-13, print: 978-1-62576-0
12、04-9 eISBN-13, electronic: 978-1-61300-308-4DOI: http:/dx.doi.org/10.12999/AWWA.c228.14 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, exc
13、ept in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Copyright 2014 by American Water Works Association Printed in USA hours of work by your fellow water professionals. Revenue from the sales of this AWWA material supports ongoing prod
14、uct development. Unauthorized distribution, either electronic or photocopied, is illegal and hinders AWWAs mission to support the water community. This AWWA content is the product of thousands of Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. iii Committee Personnel The Steel
15、Water Pipe Manufacturers Technical Advisory Committee (SWPMTAC) Task Group on ANSI/AWWA C228, which reviewed and revised this standard, had the following personnel at the time: Mike Vanderbosch, Chair D. Acquistapace, Pacific Coast Flange, Mount House, Nev. (AWWA) E.A. Bird, Smith Blair Inc., Texark
16、ana, Texas (AWWA) S. Bradberry, Ford Meter Box, Pell City, Ala. (AWWA) D. Brewer, Robar Industries Ltd., Surrey B.C., Canada (AWWA) A. Collins, JCM Industries, Nash, Texas (AWWA) T. Crail, Straub Coupling, National City, Calif. (AWWA) John Crandall, Garlock, Palmyra, N.Y. (AWWA) M. Fite, Pacific Coa
17、st Flange, Mound House , Nev. (AWWA) Harold Mosley, Mueller Company, Cleveland, Tenn. (AWWA) S. Lamb, SPLASH, Hoschton, Ga. (AWWA) C. Littlebrant, Cascade Waterworks, Yourkville, Ill. (AWWA) Jonathan Reinheimer, Robar Industries Ltd., Surrey, B.C., Canada (AWWA) Donny Seals, JCM Industries, Nash, Te
18、xas (AWWA) N.S. Thogersen, Romac Industries Inc., Bothell, Wash. (AWWA) M.A. Vanderbosch, CAB Inc., Nacogdoches Texas The AWWA Standards Committee on Stainless-Steel Pipe, which reviewed and approved this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval: J. Warren Green, Chair Mike Quin
19、nell, Secretary General Interest Members R.J. Card,* Lockwood, Andrews Class SB (86 psi); Class SD 12 in. and Smaller (175 psi); Class SD Larger Than 12 in. (150 psi); and Class SE (275 psi) 8 3 AWWA Standard Stainless-Steel Ring Flanges, Class SF (300-psi Working Pressure) 10 4 AWWA Standard Stainl
20、ess-Steel Blind Flange Thickness. Working Pressures: Class SA (50 psi), Class SB (86 psi), Class SD (150 psi), Class SE (275 psi), and Class SF (300 psi). . 12 Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. This page intentionally blank. Copyright 2014 American Water Works Ass
21、ociation. All Rights Reserved. vii Foreword This foreword is for information only and is not a part of ANSI*/AWWA C228. I. Introduction. I.A. Background. Stainless steel is a standard material used to construct piping and flanges. It offers very low corrosion rates, which makes it suitable for the h
22、andling of potable water while maintaining purity and quality. I.B. History. In 1945, at the request of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), a committee having representatives from both ASME and AWWA was formed. The ASME/A WWA committee was charged with establishing standards for ste
23、el flanges having dimensions and pressure ratings commensurate with the pressures commonly used in water service. The standards were necessary because the lowest pressure ratings for steel flanges at that time were those having cold-water pressure ratings of 275 psi (1,896 kPa) (ASME B16.5, Pipe Fla
24、nges and Flanged Fittings) or 150-psi (1,034-kPa) primary pressure ratings. The ratings were far higher than those ordinarily needed for water service. Generally accepted practice for the design of bolted flange connections consid- ers all fields of usage and a wide range of pressure and temperature
25、 applications. In waterworks practice, it is not necessary, within the scope of this standard, to deal with temperatures greater than the atmospheric range, and it is possible to limit the scope of consideration to gaskets contained in this standard and to flanges that are flat-faced. The designs we
26、re prepared in conformity with these limitations for carbon steel and first adopted in 1952. In 1999, AWWA developed a new standard for stainless-steel pipe, which then required a new standard for stainless-steel flanges. In 1999, the AWWA Standards Council directed the Standards Committee on Steel
27、Pipe to develop a standard for stainless-steel flanges used in water treatment and convey- ing facilities. In 2003, the Standards Council approved the formation of the Standards Committee on Stainless-Steel Pipe, which assumed responsibility for the development of this standard. The first edition of
28、 this standard was approved by the AWWA Board of Directors on Jan. 27, 2008. This edition was approved on July 8, 2014. The original ASME/AWWA committee gave careful consideration to the follow- ing: (1) the effect of new standards on existing equipment; (2) the fact that cast valves * American Nati
29、onal Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036. ASME International, Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016. Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. viii and fittings will always have flanges of large outside diameter, which cannot be redu
30、ced because of the wall thickness of this equipment; (3) the need for interchangeability of equipment through the use of common drilling patterns; and (4) the fact that stan- dards could be based on the successful usage and good service records of existing installations. A survey of water utility us
31、ers indicated that it was desirable to maintain the out- side diameter and drilling of flanged fittings and valves given in ANSI/AWWA C500, Gate Valves for Water and Sewage Systems, and ANSI/AWWA B16.1, Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings (for classes 25, 125, 250, and 800). The committee de
32、cided to follow this practice for sizes 6 in. through 48 in. (150 mm through 1,200 mm). In its extensive deliberations, the ASME/AWWA committee had available the results of special research and testing conducted by Armco Steel Corporation, Bethle- hem Steel Company, and Taylor Forge and Pipe Works.
33、The various design methods and test results were given in Steel Ring Flanges for Steel Pipe, ARMCO Bulletin 47A (1947), from the American Rolling Mill Company, Middletown, Ohio. The design of flanges for waterworks service, with the results of the preceding report, was pub- lished in Journal - AWWA
34、in October 1950, pp. 931944. A discussion in the paper by Taylor Forge, participants in the ASME/AWWA committee, stated the reasons why a waterworks flange is not an ASME/Taylor Forge flange. Concern about high second- ary stresses at the attachment, e.g., thick material to thin wall pipe, was cover
35、ed there along with the published “Design of Wye Branches” (Journal - AWWA, June 1955, appendix C, pp. 581630). Beginning in 2006 a special flange task group investigated development history of the flange dimensions found within the standard. After five years of research the task group reached the f
36、ollowing conclusions. 1. There is no one exact stress-based design method that could reproduce the thickness values in the standard tables. However, it appears that the ring flange thicknesses in this standard are based on using the LaTour-Barnard design procedure (ARMCO Bulletin 47A, 1947) for ring
37、 flanges, which is based on ASME integral flange design procedures. 2. A current design analysis was performed based on the LaTour-Barnard proposed design method (which was based on physical tests on pipes with steel ring flanges) that demonstrated comparable results. It is worthwhile to mention tha
38、t the original LaTour-Barnard design procedure was a bending stress design methodology. 3. It has been established that flange thickness design based solely on a stress- based design procedure is incorrect. In R. Barnards October 1950 Journal - AWWA Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. A
39、ll Rights Reserved. ix article he wrote: “When the test results were analyzed, it became obvious that the design formulas used in establishing American Standard flange dimensions predicted fantastically high localized stresses even when the joint assembly performed satisfac- torily. Since a method o
40、f designing by test was being sought, a reconciliation of the apparent contradictions between theory and test results had to be explored. To find the answer, attention was turned to the behavior under load of the steel being tested in pipe wall and flange. Also, the stress factors in the formulas we
41、re further examined to discover whether or not a different concept of design would compose the apparent differences between theory and test results. It was found that theory fits the data when the concept of calculated stress level design is displaced by a concept of limiting-strain design. Then the
42、re was good correlation between theory, the test results, and past field experience and practice.” Simply put, the design of flange thickness was performed as a limiting strain type of design procedure and not based on stress. The limiting strain was 5,000 in./in. as determined by the 0.5 percent lo
43、ad extension method. 4. Many steel ring flanges have been supplied with thicknesses and dimensions that match the tables herein since these initial investigations were performed in the 1940s and 1950s by the ASME/AWWA committees leading up to the first edition of AWWA C207. As Barnard wrote in 1950,
44、 “the primary aim in flange design should be to prevent joint leakage since steel flange joints do not fail by fracture.” The current flange task group has found this to be true over the past 60 years, as there have been no reported occurrences of steel flanges fracturing when servicing the pressure
45、 that they were supplied to meet. 5. The determination of the steel cylinder thickness at the flange attachment to be used in this standard is based on the design procedures for internal pressures shown in AWWA M11 Steel PipeA Guide for Design and Installation. This practice is deemed acceptable, ba
46、sed on empirical data of successful performance dating back to the early 1950s. Tables 2 and 3 of the standard are based on historical dimensions and are presented without additional calculations. I.C. Acceptance. In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) entered into a cooperative
47、 agreement with a consortium led by NSF* International (NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a certification program for direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other members of the original consortium included the Water Research Foundation (formerly AwwaRF) * NSF International, 789 North Dixboro Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105. Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
