1、 AWWA Standard SM Disinfection of Wells Effective date: July 1, 2013. First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors Jan. 25, 1987. This edition approved Jan. 20, 2013. Approved by American National Standards Institute April 24, 2013. ANSI/AWWA C654-13 (Revision of ANSI/AWWA C654-03) Copyright 20
2、13 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. ii AWWA Standard This document is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally c
3、ontained in specifications. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the standard. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA pub- lication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any produc
4、t or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is entirely voluntary. This standard does not supersede or take precedence over or displace any applicable law, regulation, or codes of any governmental authority. AWWA standards are intended to represe
5、nt a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will provide satisfactory service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed on the first page of the Official Notice section of Journal - American Water Works Association. The acti
6、on becomes effective on the first day of the month following the month of Journal - American Water Works Association publication of the official notice. American National Standard An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An Ame
7、rican National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has ap - proved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or
8、 using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are encour - aged to state on their ow
9、n responsibility in advertising and promotional materials or on tags or labels that the goods are produced in conformity with particular American National Standards. Caution n oti Ce : The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates comple
10、tion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of ANSI approval. Purchasers of American National Standards m
11、ay receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036; (212) 642-4900, or emailing infoansi.org. ISBN-13, print: 978-1-58321-944-7 eISBN-13, electronic: 978-1-61300-233-9 ISBN-10, print:
12、1-58321-944-7 eISBN-10, electronic: 1-61300-233-5 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or q
13、uotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Copyright 2013 by American Water Works Association Printed in USA Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. iii The AWWA Standards Committee on Disinfection of Facilities, which reviewed and a
14、pproved this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval: Betsy Reilley, Chair General Interest Members K.C. Choquette, Des Moines, Iowa (AWWA) C.B. Hagar, Carollo Engineers, Phoenix, Ariz. (AWWA) D.J. Hartman,* CH2M HILL, Blue Ash, Ohio (AWWA) J.M. Henderson, CHA Companies, Albany
15、, N.Y. (AWWA) P.J. Olson,* Standards Staff Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. (AWWA) S. Vidika, Dixon Engineering Inc., Medina, Ohio (AWWA) J.S. Wailes, Brown and Caldwell, Black Hawk, Colo. (AWWA) T.W. Walker, New York State Department of Health, Victor, N.Y. (AWWA) M.L. Wentink, Nebraska DHHS Division o
16、f Public Health, North Platte, Neb. (AWWA) Producer Members R.J. Gordhamer, Measurement Technologies Inc., Redmond, Wash. (AWWA) D.T. Hanson, Design Water Technologies, Shorewood, Minn. (AWWA) P.L. Smith, Smith LaSalle Inc., Western Springs, Ill. (AWWA) User Members G.A. Burlingame, Philadelphia Wat
17、er Dept., Philadelphia, Pa. (AWWA) R.C. Lorenz, Westerville Water Plant, Westerville, Ohio (AWWA) T.W.D. MacDonald, Cambridge Water Department, Cambridge, Mass. (NEWWA) P.M. Marchand, Bristol County Water Authority, Warren, R.I. (AWWA) B. Reilley, MWRA, Southborough, Mass. (AWWA) E.D. Schwartz, New
18、Jersey American Water Company, Plainfield, N.J. (AWWA) B.L. Whitteberry, Greater Cincinnati Water Works, Cincinnati, Ohio (AWWA) * Liaison, nonvoting Committee Personnel Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. This page intentionally blank. Copyright 2013 American Water
19、 Works Association. All Rights Reserved. v Contents All AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this format may be found in a particular standard. SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE Foreword I Introduction. . vii I.A Background . vii I.B History vii I.C Acceptance vii
20、II Special Issues ix III Use of This Standard ix III.A Purchaser Options and Alternatives ix III.B Modification to Standard . ix IV Major Revisions . x V Comments x Standard 1 General . 1 1.1 Scope 1 1.2 Purpose . 1 1.3 Application 1 2 References . 2 3 Definitions 2 4 Requirements 3 4.1 Preventive A
21、ctions . 3 4.2 Forms of Chlorine for Disinfection 3 4.3 Gravel and Gravel-Pack Chlorination 4 4.4 Chlorination of Permanent Equipment and Material Used in Wells 5 4.5 Chlorination of Well After Permanent Equipment Is Installed. 5 4.6 Disposal of Contaminants . 6 5 Verification 7 5.1 Bacteriological
22、Testing 7 5.2 Disinfection of Flowing Wells . 7 5.3 Record of Compliance . 8 5.4 Optional Sampling and Testing . 8 6 Delivery 8 Appendix A Chemical Requirements for 50-mg/L Chlorine Solution . 9 Figures A.1 Gravel-Pack Chlorination 10 A.2 Circulating Chlorinated Water Inside Well Casing 10 Tables A.
23、1 Chlorine Compound Required to Dose 100 ft of Water-Filled Well at 50 mg/L 9 A.2 Metric Conversion Factors . 9 Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. This page intentionally blank. Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. vii Foreword This
24、 foreword is for information only and is not a part of ANSI*/AWWA C654. I. Introduction. I.A. Background. During construction of a well, the bore hole may become contaminated by surface-water inflow and undesirable fluids through which the bore hole may penetrate. In addition, contamination may be i
25、ntroduced in a well by the drilling fluid, on equipment, or through the bore hole itself. A part of this contamination may be carried into the water-producing formations. During repairs or maintenance of an existing well, contamination may be introduced by the work practices performed or replacement
26、 components. Well disinfection in accordance with this standard includes chlorination of the well casing, the pump and associated piping, and the gravel pack and immediate area of the aquifer around the casing, as well as verification of satisfactory bacteriological quality of the water. This standa
27、rd is not intended to provide procedures for disinfection of the aquifer beyond the immediate location of a well; aquifer disinfection can best be handled by an engineering evaluation of all the conditions present at a specific location. The procedures for disinfection described in this standard are
28、 expanded beyond, and are intended to complement, information contained in AWWA A100, Standard for Water Wells, Section 11, Well Disinfection. I.B. History. This is the fourth edition of AWWA C654, Standard for Disinfection of Wells. The first edition was approved by the AWWA Board of Directors on J
29、an. 25, 1987. The second edition was approved on June 15, 1997. The third edition was approved Jan. 19, 2003. This fourth edition was approved January 20, 2013. I.C. Acceptance. In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by
30、NSF International (NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a certification program for direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other members of the original consortium included the American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AwwaRF, now Water Research Foundation
31、) and the Conference of State Health and Environmental Managers (COSHEM). The American Water Works Association (AWWA) and the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) joined later. * American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036. Copyr
32、ight 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. viii In the United States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact with, drinking water rests with individual states.* Local agencies may choose to impose requirements more stringent than those required by the state. T
33、o evaluate the health effects of products and drinking water additives from such products, state and local agencies may use various references, including 1. An advisory program formerly administered by USEPA, Office of Drinking Water, discontinued on Apr. 7, 1990. 2. Specific policies of the state o
34、r local agency. 3. Two standards developed under the direction of NSF, NSF/ANSI 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects, and NSF/ANSI 61, Drinking Water System ComponentsHealth Effects. 4. Other references, including AWWA standards, Food Chemicals Codex, Water Chemicals Codex, and other
35、 standards considered appropriate by the state or local agency. Various certification organizations may be involved in certifying products in accor- dance with NSF/ANSI 61. Individual states or local agencies have authority to accept or accredit certification organizations within their jurisdiction.
36、 Accreditation of certi- fication organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Annex A, “Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures,” to NSF/ANSI 61 does not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for substances not regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant lev
37、el (MCL). The MALs of an unspecified list of “unregulated contaminants” are based on toxicity testing guidelines (noncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens). Use of Annex A procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certifier. ANSI/AWWA C654 does not address ad
38、ditives requirements. Users of this stan- dard should consult the appropriate state or local agency having jurisdiction in order to 1. Determine additives requirements, including applicable standards. 2. Determine the status of certifications by all parties offering to certify prod- ucts for contact
39、 with, or treatment of, drinking water. 3. Determine current information on product certification. * Persons outside the United States should contact the appropriate authority having jurisdiction. NSF International, 789 N. Dixboro Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105. Both publications available from National
40、Academy of Sciences, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001. Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. ix II. Special Issues. Disinfection of wells requires high levels of disinfectant to be applied to ensure bacteria and other potential pathogens are inactivated. It
41、should be noted that pH and temperature are two important factors affecting the disinfection process. Above pH 9, chlorine is in the form of hypochlorite, which is not as effective a disinfectant as hypochlorous acid, which is more prevalent at pH lower than 9. Temperature also affects the disinfect
42、ion process; low temperatures are not as effective as high temperatures. Disinfectants other than chlorine may be appropriate to use. While this standard describes only the use of liquid chlorine, sodium hypochlorite solutions, and calcium hypochlorite, the applicability of other disinfectants shoul
43、d be evaluated. Ozone and chemical cleaners have been used, and these warrant further investigation. Whichever disinfectant or method is selected, approval from the local regulatory agency may be required. III. Use of This Standard. It is the responsibility of the user of an AWWA standard to determi
44、ne that the products described in that standard are suitable for use in the particular application being considered. III.A. Purchaser Options and Alternatives. The following information should be provided by the purchaser: 1. Standard usedthat is, ANSI/AWWA C654, Standard for Disinfection of Wells,
45、of latest revision. 2. Whether compliance with NSF/ANSI 60, Drinking Water Chemicals Health Effects, is required. 3. Whether compliance with NSF/ANSI 61, Drinking Water System ComponentsHealth Effects, is required. 4. Method of disinfection to be used. 5. Any required disposal and precautions to be
46、taken in disposing of chlori- nated water. 6. Method of dechlorination to be usedANSI/AWWA C655, Field Dechlorination, of latest revision. 7. Bacteriological testing and method to be used. 8. Redisinfection procedure to be used if required. 9. Details of other federal, state or provincial, and local
47、 requirements (Sec. 4). III.B. Modification to Standard. Any modification of the provisions, definitions, or terminology in this standard must be provided by the purchaser. Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. x I V. Major Revisions. Major changes made to the standar
48、d in this revision include the following: 1. The Spe cial Issues section of the foreword has been updated to include a note to the user on the effect of pH and temperature on the disinfection process, as well as a note on consideration of alternative disinfectants (foreword, Section II). 2. Definiti
49、ons for available chlorine, free chlorine, chlorine residual, contractor, gravel-packed well, manufacturer, purchaser, and supplier have been added (Section 3). 3. A requirement for compliance with the Safe Drinking Water Act has been added (Section 4). 4. A cautionary note on potential corrosion of pumps and appurtenances from highly chlorinated water has been added (Sec. 4.1). 5. An advisory note on using appropriate personal protective equipment when handling chlorine products has been added (Sec. 4.2). 6. An informational note on using calcium hyp
