1、B11 .TRI-2004 ANSI Technical Report for Machine Tools - Ergonomic Guidelines for Design, Installation, and Use Registered by ANSI: MAY 16, 2004 Secretariat and Standards Developing Organization: AMT-The Association For Manufacturing Technology Technology Department 7901 Westpark Drive McLean, VA 221
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19、rldwide sources and can connect those who seek standards to those who supply them. Published by: AMT - The Association For Manufacturing Technology 7901 Westpark Drive, McLean, VA 22102-4206, USA Copyright O 2004 by AMT- The Association For Manufacturing Technology All rights reserved. Printed in th
20、e United States of America No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. II CONTENTS PAGE FOREWORD IV 1 SCOPE AND PURPOSE 1 2 REFERENCES . 1 3 DEFINITIONS . 3 4 APPROACHES TO ERGONOMIC
21、 RISK ASSESSMENT AND REDUCTION . 4 5 CATEGORIES OF ERGONOMIC RISK . 6 MACHINE AND HUMAN INTERFACES 6 5.2 ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS . 7 5.3 PHYSICAL FACTORS . 7 5.4 COGNITIVE AND PERCEPTUAL FACTORS 7 5.5 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS . 7 5.6 INTERACTIONS . 7 PHYSICAL ERGONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS . 10 6.1 ANTHROPOME
22、TRY 10 6.3 TASK DESIGN 12 6.5 MAINTAINANCE AND ACCESSIBILITY . 15 COGNITIVE / PERCEPTUAL ERGONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS 17 7.1 CONTROL SELECTION . 17 7.2 CONTROL CODING AND LABELING . 20 7.4 CONTROL ORGANIZATION 20 7.6 DISPLAY LOCATION 21 7.7 DISPLAY CHARACTERISTICS 21 7.8 GENERAL DISPLAY GUIDANCE 21 ENVI
23、RONMENTAL ERGONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS 22 8.1 ILLUMINATION 22 8.2 TEMPERATURE 23 8.3 VIBRATION 24 8.4 NOISE 25 9 TRAINING 26 9.1 EDUCATION . 26 5.1 6 6.2 BIOMECHANICAL (STRENGTH) REQUIREMENTS AND FORCEFUL EXERTIONS 11 6.4 WORKSTATION DESIGN . 14 7 7.3 CONTROL OPERATION DIRECTION 20 7.5 INFORMATION DISPL
24、AYS 21 8 9.2 9.3 GENERAL GUDANCE FOR TRAINING DESIGN 26 OPERAT0R AND MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS AND MANUALS . 27 Annex A - Selected anthropometric body dimensions 28 Annex B . Horizontal reach and grasp dimensions . 32 Annex C . Lifting. lowering. pushing. pulling and carrying guidelines 33 Annex D .
25、Standing work task height guidelines . 64 Annex E . Press palm buttons and machine controls . 65 Annex F . Types of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) and 67 Annex G Examples of Ergonomic Checklists 72 Foreword The ANSI BI 1 Accredited Standards Committee (ASC) for Machine Tool Safety formed a subcomm
26、ittee consisting of professionals that are involved in manufacturing, safety, design and ergonomics to revise the 1993 technical report giving guidelines for the application of ergonomic principles to machine tools during the design, installation and use phases. The revised guideline is a significan
27、t change from the 1993 guideline. This guideline is intended to be a hands-on design reference to help reduce or eliminate work-related factors associated with musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and injuries associated with human error. This guideline offers an ergonomic risk assessment flow chart and
28、 risk reduction hierarchy referencing ANSI BI 1 .TR3. This guideline is not intended to provide specific decisions as to risk acceptability nor replace existing ergonomic risk assessment tools now used within existing ergonomic programs. The guideline does offer ergonomic design references for stren
29、gth, forceful exertions, posture, control and display selection and design, environmental exposures such as temperature, vibration, noise and illumination. Three sample checklists are offered in Annex G to assist with prioritizing risk factors for continuous improvements during design, installation
30、and use. In addition, Lifting, Lowering, Pushing, Pulling and Carrying Tables are provided in Annex C. The data in these tables were developed by Liberty Mutual and have been in use since 1978 (Snook 1978; Snook and Ciriello 1991). The Liberty Mutual Tables in Annex C differ from all previously publ
31、ished versions of the “Snook” Tables; e.g., population percentage is provided rather than maximum acceptable weights and forces. These tables are easy to use and flexible but ergonomic training as discussed in clause 9 is recommended before utilizing them. Metric units While the body of this Technic
32、al Report conforms to the BI 1 ASC Metric Policy (soft metric units, followed by parenthetical hard english units), space precludes conformance to this policy in some portions, e.g., many of the Annex tables. Publication of this ANSI Technical Report has been approved by the Accredited Standards Dev
33、eloper - AMT- The Association For Manufacturing Technology. This document is registered as a Technical Report in the ANSI BI1 series of publications according to the Procedures for the Registration of ANSI Technical Reports. This document is not an American National Standard and the material contain
34、ed herein is informative, not normative in nature. Suggestions for improvement of this technical report are welcomed. They should be sent to: AMT, 7901 Westpark Dr., McLean, VA 22102-4206, Attention: Safety Director. iv ANSI B11 Accredited Standards Committee: John W. Russell, PE, CSP Chairman Gary
35、D. Kopps, Vice-chairman David A. Felinski, Secretary Organizations Represented Aerospace Industries Association of America Alliance of American Insurers American Institute for Steel Construction American Society of Safety Engineers AMT- The Association For Manufacturing Technology Automotive Industr
36、y Action Group Can Manufacturers Institute General Motors Corporation John Deere Metal Building Manufacturers Association Metal Powder Industries Federation Natl. Inst. for Occupational Safety b) Design of a manufacturing system supporting machine tools and auxiliary components; c) Improve safety, q
37、uality and productivity, and reduce errors associated with a manufacturing system. Integrating ergonomic concepts early in the design process should maximize the impact and cost effectiveness of ergonomic interventions during the design process. The goal of this document is to provide guidance on th
38、e practical application of ergonomic principles in order to avoid work-related injuries and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), increase productivity, and improve product quality. This document is directed towards technicians, engineers, designers, and safety and health practitioners who deal with gen
39、eral ergonomic issues related to machine tools. It is not intended to replace in-depth analysis by qualified and experienced ergonomists. 2 Ref ere n ces The following references were either used as a basis for developing this document, or they represent other good reference sources that may be cons
40、ulted for additional information on a particular topic. 1. The Ergonomics of Workspaces and Machines: A Design Manual, Clark, T.S. and Corlett, E.N. 2“d Edition, Taylor LockouVTagout and Alternative Methods. 36. BIFMA G1-2002, Ergonomic Guidelines for VDT (Visual Display Terminal) Furniture used in
41、Office Work Spaces, BIFMA International. 37. A Review of Machine Guarding; Recommendations, Applied Ergonomics, Vaillancourt, D.R., Snook, S.H., Vo1.26, No.2, pp. 141-145, 1995. 38. Musculoskeletal Disorders and Workplace Factors; A Critical Review of Epidemiologic Evidence for the Neck, Upper Extre
42、mity, and Low Back, DHHS(NI0SH) Publication No. 97-141. 39. Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Workplace; Low Back and Upper Extremities, National Research Council, Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press, 2001. 40. ANSI 2535.1 - 2002 Safety Color Code. 41. ANSI 2535.2 - 2002 Environmental and
43、Facility Safety Signs. 42. ANSI 2535.3 - 2002 Criteria for Safety Symbols. 43. ANSI 2535.4 - 2002 Product Safety Signs and Labels. 44. ANSI 2535.5 - 2002 Accident Prevention Tags and Labels. 2 ANSI Technical Report BI 1 .TRI - 2004 3 Definitions 3.1 design criteria to improve the ease of functioning
44、, efficiency and safety of the human in a system. 3.2 biomechanics: Application of mechanical principles, such as levers and forces, to the analysis of body structure and movements. This includes studies of range, strength, endurance, and speed of movements, and mechanical responses to such physical
45、 forces as acceleration and vibration. anthropometry: The measurement and collection of static and dynamic body measurements for use as 3.3 ergonomics: The design, redesign or evaluation of facilities, work environments, jobs, job tasks, training methods and equipment to match the capabilities of pe
46、ople. Note: In this document, the term human factors is synonymous with ergonomics. 3.4 individual: A particular human being. NOTE: For the purposes of this technical report, a distinction between individual and personnel is drawn. The term “individual” includes personnel but encompasses persons who
47、 are not under direct or indirect control of the supplier or user (e.g., visitors, vendors, etc.). See also, personnel. 3.5 installer: An entity that is responsible for placement and preparation for use of a machine tool (see supplier). 3.6 integrated manufacturing system: A manufacturing system tha
48、t: a) incorporates two or more industrial machines, at least one of which is a machine tool; b) is linked by a material handling system; c) is interconnected with and coordinated by a control system; d) is capable of being re-programmed, re-configured or re-sequenced for the manufacturing of a varie
49、ty of discrete parts or assemblies. 3.7 manufacturer: See supplier. 3.8 modify: To make a change to the machine or system that changes its original purpose, function, capacity, operation or safeguarding requirements. Note: For the purposes of this technical report, modification includes any effects that the change(s) has on other portions of the machine or system, including safeguarding. 3.9 neutral posture: That position of the body that minimizes stress on the body. Typically, neutral posture will be near the midrange of the normal range of motion of any given joint. 3.10 operator: P
