1、 ANSI/ASAE EP282.2 FEB1993 (R2013) Design Values for Emergency Ventilation and Care of Livestock and Poultry American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers ASABE is a professional and technical organization, of members worldwide, who are dedicated to advancement of engineering applicable
2、to agricultural, food, and biological systems. ASABE Standards are consensus documents developed and adopted by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers to meet standardization needs within the scope of the Society; principally agricultural field equipment, farmstead equipment,
3、structures, soil and water resource management, turf and landscape equipment, forest engineering, food and process engineering, electric power applications, plant and animal environment, and waste management. NOTE: ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data are informational and advisory only.
4、 Their use by anyone engaged in industry or trade is entirely voluntary. The ASABE assumes no responsibility for results attributable to the application of ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data. Conformity does not ensure compliance with applicable ordinances, laws and regulations. Prospe
5、ctive users are responsible for protecting themselves against liability for infringement of patents. ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data initially approved prior to the society name change in July of 2005 are designated as “ASAE“, regardless of the revision approval date. Newly develope
6、d Standards, Engineering Practices and Data approved after July of 2005 are designated as “ASABE“. Standards designated as “ANSI“ are American National Standards as are all ISO adoptions published by ASABE. Adoption as an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements
7、 for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by ASABE. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than
8、a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. CAUTION NOTICE: ASABE and ANSI standards may be revised or withdrawn at any time. Additionally, procedures of ASABE require t
9、hat action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw each standard. Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. All rights reserved. ASABE, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Ml 49085-9659, USA, phone 269-429-0300, fax 269-429-3852, hqasabe.org ANSI/ASAE EP282.2 FEB19
10、93 (R2013) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 1 ANSI/ASAE EP282.2 FEB1993 (R2013) Approved September 1993; reaffirmed January 2014 as an American National Standard Design Values for Emergency Ventilation and Care of Livestock and Poultry Developed by the ASAE Emergen
11、cy Preparedness Committee; approved by the ASAE Structures and Environment Division Standards Committee; adopted by ASAE as a Recommendation December 1964; withdrawn December 1970; revised and reinstated February 1973; reclassified as an Engineering Practice December 1977; reconfirmed December 1982,
12、 December 1987; December 1988, December 1991; revised February 1993; approved as an American National Standard September 1993; reaffirmed by ASAE December 1997, December 1998; reaffirmed by ANSI June 2000; reaffirmed by ASAE February 2004; reaffirmed by ANSI March 2004; reaffirmed by ASABE February
13、2009; reaffirmed by ANSI April 2009; reaffirmed by ASABE December 2013; reaffirmed by ANSI January 2014. Keywords: Livestock, Poultry, Safety, Ventilation 1 Purpose and Scope Many natural, man-made, and unexpected events (i.e., power interruptions, equipment failures, extreme weather conditions, sto
14、rms, and natural disasters) occur requiring temporary emergency ventilation and care of livestock and poultry. These events may require either short term (i.e., minutes to days) or long term (i.e., weeks to months) temporary emergency ventilation. The purpose of this Engineering Practice is to provi
15、de data and guidelines to assist designing emergency ventilation, feeding, watering, and lighting systems for livestock and poultry. 2 Normative References The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Engineering Practice. At the tim
16、e of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this Engineering Practice are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Standards organizations mainta
17、in registers of currently valid standards. ASAE EP270.5, Design of Ventilation Systems for Poultry and Livestock Shelters ASAE EP294.2, Computing Electrical Demands for Farms ASAE EP364.1 FEB93, Installation and Maintenance of Farm Standby Electric Power ASAE S417.1, Specifications for Alarm Systems
18、 Utilized in Agricultural Structures 3 Ventilation Requirements ANSI/ASAE EP282.2 FEB1993 (R2013) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 2 3.1 Ventilating air: supplies oxygen for feed metabolism; dilutes carbon dioxide and other potentially noxious gases; acts as a vehi
19、cle for removal of water vapor; acts as a vehicle for removal of heat; acts as a vehicle for removal of pathogens and dust. 3.2 Ventilation failure in enclosed animal facilities can create life-threatening conditions in minutes. Alarms to quickly alert caretaker of a ventilation system failure and t
20、he need for corrective action are highly recommended for environmentally controlled enclosed animal facilities which are naturally or mechanically ventilated. Alarm systems should be designed and maintained in accordance with ASAE S417 and recommendations in 3.3.8 of ASAE EP270. Alarms can be used t
21、o monitor power supply interruption, high temperature limits, and low temperature limits. Since alarm systems can fail, they should be checked regularly. 3.3 Ventilation requirements during ventilation system failures should be calculated according to ASAE EP270. Ventilation needs depend on many fac
22、tors including animal load and outside temperature. Both cold and hot weather ventilation needs should be considered. 3.4 Emergency ventilation may be provided either with a standby electric generator (see clause 8) or possibly with emergency natural ventilation openings. A standby electrical genera
23、tor is the method of choice for buildings mechanically ventilated year-round. 3.5 Emergency air exchange provided by natural ventilation is called emergency natural ventilation. Natural ventilation, caused by what is commonly called “stack” effect, takes place due to buoyancy. The temperature differ
24、ence between inside and outside, the difference in height between air inlets and higher outlets, and the size of the inlets and outlets are the main factors that affect natural ventilation. Wind also can cause natural ventilation. Wind caused natural ventilation is not included in this procedure for
25、 sizing inlets and outlets because wind is variable and cannot reliably contribute to the emergency natural ventilation when needed. 3.5.1 Emergency natural ventilation openings should be sized to ensure that animals receive sufficient fresh air in an emergency. A formula for calculating the ridge a
26、nd sidewall opening area based on thermal buoyancy is derived from Bruce, 1978: 22202211VTTgHcAAii=+ The formula for the determination of air exchange rate is as follows: =+=nsSSUATTVPCNq1where: Aiis inlet area of vents, m2Aois outlet area of vents, m2; c is discharge coefficient of vents (normally
27、0.6 to 0.65); g is acceleration due to gravity, 9.81 ms-2; H is difference in height between inlet and outlet, m; Tiis inlet air temperature, K (273 + C); ANSI/ASAE EP282.2 FEB1993 (R2013) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 3 Tois outlet air temperature, K (273 + C);
28、 T = To Ti, K; V is air exchange rate, m3s-1; N is number of animals; n is number of building surfaces; q is heat output per animal, W; P is density of air, 1.2 kgm-3; Cpis specific heat of air,1010 Jkg-1 K-1; Asis surface area of particular building surface (e.g., floor, roof), m2; Usis thermal tra
29、nsmittance of particular building surface (e.g., floor, roof), W/(m2K). 3.5.2 For the purposes of calculating the outlet and inlet area required for emergency ventilation the difference between the outlet air temperature, To, and the inlet air temperature, Ti, should not be more than 5 K (i.e., T 5
30、K). 3.5.3 The inlet area, Ai, should never be smaller than the outlet area, Ao, to ensure that sufficient air is supplied to the building. 3.5.4 The number and size of emergency natural ventilation openings depends on the total area required and the existing layout of fans and vents. In general, eme
31、rgency inlets should be distributed as uniformly as possible along the building. 3.5.5 Emergency natural ventilation openings can be operated either manually or automatically. 4 Water Supply and Requirements 4.1 Most animals can survive two days without water. Production losses will occur if water i
32、s unavailable. 4.2 Average ample supply and limited supply water requirements are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Water requirements per animal per day*Animal Ample Supply Limited SupplyLiters Gallons Liters Gallons Cattle 64.0 17.0 26.5 7.0 Hogs 9.5 2.5 4.8 1.2 Sheep 5.8 1.5 3.8 1.0 Poultry Layers and br
33、oilers 0.24 0.06 0.20 0.05 Turkeys 1.26 0.30 0.50 0.12* Average requirements at a temperature of 27 C (80 F). Water rationing facilities required. ANSI/ASAE EP282.2 FEB1993 (R2013) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 4 4.3 Emergency electric power for pumping is recom
34、mended unless water is supplied from an artesian well, gravity flow reservoir, or a source with a wind-powered pump. 5 Feed Requirements 5.1 Animals can survive longer without feed than without water. Production losses will occur if feed is unavailable. 5.2 Healthy animals can survive on limited rat
35、ions for several months. Limited feed requirements are shown in Table 2. Table 2 Limited feed requirements for livestock* Animal Feed Amount of Feed per Day (percent body mass) Cattle Cow, lactating hay 2 Cow, dry hay 1 Cow, less than 9 mon of age hay 1 plus 40% protein supplement 0.2 Sheep Ewe alfa
36、lfa hay 1 Lamb, 27 kg (60 lb) alfalfa hay 1.5 Swine Sow, pregnant corn 0.4 plus 35% protein supplement 0.2 Sow, lactating corn 1 plus 35% protein supplement 0.2 Hog, 45 kg (100 lb) corn 1.5 91 kg (200 lb) corn 1 Poultry Laying hen mash 2 Turkey, 5 kg (10 lb) mash 1.7 11 kg (25 lb) mash 1.34 * Equiva
37、lent feeds may be substituted. Hay should be at least one-half legume or equivalent in protein content. 5.3 Supplemental proteins, vitamins, and minerals will be needed for extended limited feeding. 5.4 Feedstuffs susceptible to damage from high humidity should be isolated from humid air in a livest
38、ock shelter. 5.5 Emergency electric power to run feeding equipment recommended unless limited rations can be delivered in another manner. ANSI/ASAE EP282.2 FEB1993 (R2013) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 5 6 Space Requirements Limited floor space requirements for
39、livestock in emergency situations are given in Table 3. Additional space should be allowed for movement of feed, water, equipment, and people caring for animals. Table 3 Limited space for animals during emergencies Space per animal Animal m2ft2Cattle Cow 1.9 20Calf 1.1 12 Sheep Ewe 0.93 10Lamb, 27 k
40、g (60 lb) 0.37 4 Swine Sow, lactating 3.0 32 Hog, 45 kg (100 lb) 0.37 4 91 kg (200 lb) 0.56 6 Poultry Chicken 0.06 0.7 Turkey, 5 kg (10 lb) 0.14 1.5 11 kg (25 lb) 0.19 2 7 Light 7.1 Animals can survive extended periods of time without light. Production losses may occur with inadequate light. 7.2 Min
41、imum general lighting is 5.4 to 10.8 lx (0.5 to 1 fc). Higher local intensities may be required. 8 Standby (Emergency) Electrical Power 8.1 An automatic standby electric generator should provide power for ventilating fans, water pumps, lighting, feeding equipment motors, milking machines, vacuum pum
42、ps, and refrigeration equipment. Electrical demand should be calculated using ASAE EP294. 8.2 Installation and maintenance should be done in accordance with ASAE EP364. ANSI/ASAE EP282.2 FEB1993 (R2013) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 6 Annex A (informative) Bibli
43、ography The following documents are cited as reference sources used in development of this Engineering Practice: Albright, L. D. Environment Control for Animals and Plants. ASAE; 1990. BSI. Buildings and Structures for Agriculture. Part 52, Code of practice for design of alarm systems and emergency
44、ventilation for livestock housing. BS 5502, Part 52:1991. BSI, Linford Wood, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom MK14 6LE. Bruce, J. M. Natural convection through openings and its application to cattle building ventilation. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 23:151-167; 1978. Bruce, J. M. Natural Ventilation Systems for
45、 Poultry and Livestock Shelters. Farm Building Progress, No. 32:23-27; 1973. Esmay, M. L., and J. E. Dixon. Environmental Control for Agricultural Buildings. Westport, CT: AVI Publishing Company, Inc.; 1986. Foster, M. P., and M. J. Down. Ventilation of Livestock Buildings by Natural Convection. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 37:1-13; 1987. Hellickson, M. A., and J. N. Walker, ed. Ventilation of Agricultural Structures. ASAE; 1983.
