1、 ANSI/ASAE EP403.4 FEB2011 (R2015) Design of Anaerobic Lagoons for Animal Waste Management American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers ASABE is a professional and technical organization, of members worldwide, who are dedicated to advancement of engineering applicable to agricultural, f
2、ood, and biological systems. ASABE Standards are consensus documents developed and adopted by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers to meet standardization needs within the scope of the Society; principally agricultural field equipment, farmstead equipment, structures, soil a
3、nd water resource management, turf and landscape equipment, forest engineering, food and process engineering, electric power applications, plant and animal environment, and waste management. NOTE: ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data are informational and advisory only. Their use by anyo
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6、eering Practices and Data approved after July of 2005 are designated as “ASABE“. Standards designated as “ANSI“ are American National Standards as are all ISO adoptions published by ASABE. Adoption as an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due process,
7、consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by ASABE. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority,
8、 but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. CAUTION NOTICE: ASABE and ANSI standards may be revised or withdrawn at any time. Additionally, procedures of ASABE require that action be take
9、n periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw each standard. Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. All rights reserved. ASABE, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Ml 49085-9659, USA, phone 269-429-0300, fax 269-429-3852, hqasabe.org ANSI/ASAE EP403.4 FEB2011 (R2015) Copyrig
10、ht American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 1 ANSI/ASAE EP403.4 FEB2011 (R2015) Revision approved February 2011 as an American National Standard Design of Anaerobic Lagoons for Animal Waste Management Developed by the ASAE Agricultural Sanitation and Waste Management Committee; appr
11、oved by the ASAE Structures and Environment Division Standards Committee; adopted by ASAE March 1981; reconfirmed December 1985, December 1986, December 1987, December 1988; revised editorially February 1989; revised March 1990; revised December 1992; approved as an American National Standard August
12、 1993; revised editorially March 1995; reaffirmed by ASAE December 1997; revised December 1998; revision approved by ANSI and revised editorially July 1999; reaffirmed by ASAE February 2004; reaffirmed by ANSI March 2004; reaffirmed by ASABE February 2009; reaffirmed by ANSI March 2009; revised Febr
13、uary 2011; revision approved by ANSI February 2011, reaffirmed by ASABE December 2015; reaffirmed by ANSI December 2015. Keywords: Anaerobic, Design, Lagoons, Manure, Waste 1 Purpose and Scope 1.1 This Engineering Practice describes the minimum criteria for design and operation of anaerobic animal w
14、aste lagoons located in predominantly rural or agricultural areas. 2 Normative References The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies unless noted. For undated references, the latest approved edition
15、of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Natural Resources Conservation Service Conservation Practice Standard Fence (Feet), 382-1 ASAE EP379, Management of Manure Odors ASAE D384, Manure Production and Characteristics ASAE EP470, Manure Storage Safety ANSI Z535.2, Environmenta
16、l and Facility Safety Signs 3 Definitions 3.1 anaerobic lagoons: Waste treatment impoundments made by constructing an excavated pit, dam, embankment, levee, or by a combination of these procedures. Livestock waste is mixed with sufficient water to provide a high degree of dilution in anaerobic lagoo
17、ns for the primary purpose of treatment to reduce pollution potential through biological activity. Anaerobic treatment lagoons are not drawn down below their treatment volume elevation except for maintenance purposes. 3.2 waste storage ponds: Similar to anaerobic lagoons but are used to store livest
18、ock waste for limited periods. They are then normally emptied at least annually and are not designed to provide treatment. Because ponds do not require a treatment volume they are normally smaller than anaerobic lagoons. ANSI/ASAE EP403.4 FEB2011 (R2015) Copyright American Society of Agricultural an
19、d Biological Engineers 2 4 Laws and Regulations 4.1 All federal, state, and local laws, rules, and regulations governing the use of animal waste management lagoons shall be followed. Necessary approvals and permits for location, design, construction, and operation shall be secured from accountable a
20、uthorities. Federal regulations require a permit to make routine intentional point releases of pollutants from an animal waste management system to a water body. However, unintentional releases that may occur during a catastrophic storm (those exceeding the 25y/24h storm event) do not require a perm
21、it. Anaerobic animal waste lagoons are customarily designed to preclude the need for a permit for a point discharge by recycling the residual of the treated waste through land application for final aerobic treatment and crop uptake of nutrients rather than discharge to a water body. 5 Design Criteri
22、a 5.1 The design required for an anaerobic lagoon to operate successfully varies widely because of differences in climatic and site conditions. Design requirements may also vary because of the operational objective being stressed, such as maximizing pollutant reduction, reducing odors, or minimizing
23、 sludge production. In addition, there are differences in opinion as to what constitutes acceptable design criteria. For these reasons, the criteria of this should be considered as recommendations and should be compared with locally accepted design criteria. Figure 1 illustrates the various features
24、 of an anaerobic lagoon. Figure 1 Anaerobic lagoon cross section 5.2 Siting. Siting of an anaerobic lagoon shall give consideration to its potential for producing undesirable odors, and for contamination of ground water. Siting shall also give consideration to operational aspects of the lagoon. ANSI
25、/ASAE EP403.4 FEB2011 (R2015) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 3 5.2.1 Odors. Following are recommendations for lagoon siting to minimize the impacts of odor that include the lagoons proximity to residences and measures that encourage odor dispersal. Additional rec
26、ommendations can be found in ASAE EP379. 5.2.1.1 Proximity to residences. Lagoons should be located at least 400 m (1300 ft) from residences or other places of occupancy off the premises. This minimum separation may need to be extended to as much as 760 m (2500 ft) in populous and other odor sensiti
27、ve areas. 5.2.1.2 Relationship to wind, vegetation, and topography. Lagoons should be located so prevailing winds will tend to disperse and transport lagoon odors up and away from residences. Topography, such as ravines, valleys, and other natural depressions, which may carry odors during atmospheri
28、c inversions, should be avoided. Lagoons should be sited to take advantage of trees and natural barriers that tend to lift and mix air. Trees should be kept away from embankments to the extent that roots will not compromise embankments. 5.2.2 Ground water protection. A lagoons proximity to wells and
29、 other ground water supplies, and the soils and foundation in which it is constructed, shall be such that the potential for ground water contamination is abated. 5.2.2.1 Proximity to water supplies. Separation distances specified by applicable state or local regulations shall be followed. As a minim
30、um, the nearest liquid edge of lagoons should be a minimum of 90 m (300 ft) from wells and other ground water supplies. 5.2.2.2 Soils and foundation. A thorough site investigation shall be made to determine the physical characteristics and suitability of the soil and foundation for a lagoon. Lagoons
31、 should be located in soils of low permeability. More permeable soil types may require an impermeable membrane such as synthetic liners, incorporation of bentonite with in-situ soil, or another acceptable method or material that will provide a suitable seal. NOTE: It would be desirable to state a de
32、sign infiltration rate for the movement of liquids through the bottom and sidewalls. However, state-of-the-art has not developed to the point that there is a universally accepted rate. The USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service has published in-situ soil properties for which a liner should be c
33、onsidered in its Agricultural Waste Management Field Handbook available from the Consolidated Forms and Publications Distribution Center, Landover, Maryland. 5.2.3 Operational siting considerations. For convenience, lagoons should be located as near to the source of the waste as possible. 5.3 Total
34、lagoon volume (TLV). The total volume for anaerobic lagoons is the sum of the treatment volume plus the volumes of manure, wastewater, and both contaminated and uncontaminated runoff produced during the period between drawdown events plus an allowance for sludge accumulation. TLV = TV + LWV + WWV +
35、ROV + SV where: TLV = total lagoon volume, m3(ft3) TV = treatment volume, m3(ft3) LWV = livestock waste volume, m3(ft3) WWV = wastewater volume, m3(ft3) ROV = runoff volume, m3(ft3) SV = sludge volume accumulation, m3(ft3). The elements of the equation above are described in the following subsection
36、s. ANSI/ASAE EP403.4 FEB2011 (R2015) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 4 5.3.1 Treatment volume (TV). The treatment volume is sized on the basis of waste load (volatile solids) added per unit of volume and climatic region. Figure 2 shows recommended maximum lagoon l
37、oading rates for the contiguous US based on average monthly temperature and corresponding biological activity. The loading rates given are expressed in terms of mass of volatile solids, VS, per day per unit of treatment volume. The figure is intended to show the effect of temperature on loading rate
38、. Where specific local geographic and climatic information is available, it should be used in preference to the values shown in Figure 2. If odors are of concern, consideration should be given to reducing the VS loading to below those shown in Figure 2. Consideration may be given to increasing loadi
39、ng rates for covered lagoons proposed for methane production. ASAE D384 lists the daily VS production for various animal species, but local data should be used where available. The equation for the treatment volume is: TV = LAW VS/TDVSL where: TV = treatment volume, m3(ft3) LAW = live animal weight
40、(average weight over design period), kg (lb) VS = volatile solids produced, kg/1000 kg (lb/1000 lb) LAW per day TDVSL = VS per day per unit of lagoon volume, kg/d 1000 m3(lb/d 1000 ft3) (see Figure 2). Figure 2 Recommended maximum loading rates for anaerobic lagoons for animal waste in mass of volat
41、ile solids, VS, per day per unit of lagoon volume, kg/d 1000 m3(lb/d 1000 ft3) 5.3.2 Livestock waste volume (LWV). It is recommended that the volume of waste produced in one year be used. As a minimum, this waste volume should be the volume of livestock manure and other solid waste, such as bedding
42、and spilled feed, produced between drawdown events. The equation for the livestock waste volume is: LWV = (LAW VM P) + (OS P) where: LWV = livestock waste volume, m3(ft3) LAW = live animal weight, kg (lb) VM = volume of manure, m3/kg (ft3/lb) of LAW per day P = design period, days OS = other solids,
43、 m3/d (ft3/d). ANSI/ASAE EP403.4 FEB2011 (R2015) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 5 5.3.3 Wastewater volume (WWV). The wastewater volume is contaminated water, such as milkhouse waste water and wash down water, and unrecycled flush water produced between drawdown e
44、vents. This volume is determined by observation and measurement of the livestock facilitys miscellaneous wastewater sources. 5.3.4 Runoff volume (ROV). Runoff volume includes all runoff, contaminated or uncontaminated, and precipitation that will contribute to the lagoon. The volume is based on the
45、normal runoff volume for the period between drawdown events plus the runoff volume of the 25y/24h storm event. This volume should also provide for the normal (mean) precipitation between drawdown events and the 25y/24h storm precipitation on the lagoon surface. To the extent possible, uncontaminated
46、 runoff water should be excluded from the lagoon except when needed for dilution or other purposes. 5.3.5 Sludge volume accumulation (SV). An allowance is provided for an accumulation of fixed solids or non-volatile solids, and non-biodegradable materials contained in livestock feed that settle to t
47、he bottom of the lagoon. This volume may be calculated as follows: SV = TAW TS FA DA where: SV = allowance for sludge accumulation, m3(ft3) TAW = average animal weight for the sludge accumulation period, kg (lb) TS = total solids produced per day per 1000 units of live animal weight, kg/day 1000 kg
48、live weight (lb/day 1000 lb); see Table 1 in ASAE D384 FA = fraction of TS that accumulates as sludge; see Table 1 DA = days of accumulation; either life of lagoon or days between sludge removal events. The volume allowance for sludge accumulation can be reduced if it is anticipated that a portion o
49、f the sludge will be removed during periodic drawdown events. The volume allowance for sludge should be increased if bedding is discharged into the lagoon. The volume allowance may be decreased if the influent is treated with solids separation prior to discharge into the lagoon. Table 1 Sludge accumulation estimates. (Values based on data reviewed by Chastain (2006). TS Added m3/kg TS Added ft3/lb Poultry (layer or pullet) 0.00202 0.0324 Swine 0.00137 0.0219Dairy (value does not include contribution of soil or bedding) 0.0
