1、 ANSI/ASABE EP585 DEC2015 Animal Mortality Composting American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers ASABE is a professional and technical organization, of members worldwide, who are dedicated to advancement of engineering applicable to agricultural, food, and biological systems. ASABE St
2、andards are consensus documents developed and adopted by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers to meet standardization needs within the scope of the Society; principally agricultural field equipment, farmstead equipment, structures, soil and water resource management, turf an
3、d landscape equipment, forest engineering, food and process engineering, electric power applications, plant and animal environment, and waste management. NOTE: ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data are informational and advisory only. Their use by anyone engaged in industry or trade is en
4、tirely voluntary. The ASABE assumes no responsibility for results attributable to the application of ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data. Conformity does not ensure compliance with applicable ordinances, laws and regulations. Prospective users are responsible for protecting themselves a
5、gainst liability for infringement of patents. ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data initially approved prior to the society name change in July of 2005 are designated as “ASAE“, regardless of the revision approval date. Newly developed Standards, Engineering Practices and Data approved af
6、ter July of 2005 are designated as “ASABE“. Standards designated as “ANSI“ are American National Standards as are all ISO adoptions published by ASABE. Adoption as an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for app
7、roval have been met by ASABE. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Conse
8、nsus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. CAUTION NOTICE: ASABE and ANSI standards may be revised or withdrawn at any time. Additionally, procedures of ASABE require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, o
9、r withdraw each standard. Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. All rights reserved. ASABE, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Ml 49085-9659, USA, phone 269-429-0300, fax 269-429-3852, hqasabe.org ANSI/ASABE EP585 DEC2015 Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biolog
10、ical Engineers 1 ANSI/ASABE EP585 DEC2015 Approved December 2015 as an American National Standard Animal Mortality Composting Developed by the Agricultural Byproduct and Animal Mortality Management System subcommittee using NRCS CPS Animal Mortality Facility Code 316. Approved by ASABE as an ASABE s
11、tandard and approved as an American National Standard December 2016. Keywords: Biosecurity, Carcass, Compost, Disposal, Mortality 1 Purpose and Scope 1.1 Purpose This Engineering Practice provides guidelines for biosecure, environmentally acceptable, and economically sustainable disposal of livestoc
12、k and poultry carcasses and carcass parts via composting. 1.2 Scope This Engineering Practices covers planning, construction, operation, and maintenance of mortality composting operations using naturally ventilated, static pile bin or windrow systems of the type typically used for routine or emergen
13、cy mortality management on farms or ranches. Guidelines for in-vessel or mechanically ventilated composting systems are not covered. 2 Normative References The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies
14、unless noted. For undated references, the latest approved edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. NRCS Conservation Practice Standard 316 Animal Mortality Facility NRCS Conservation Practice Standard 317 Composting Facility NRCS National Engineering Handbook Part 637,
15、Chapter 2 Environmental Engineering, Composting 3 Definitions 3.1 aerobic: Pertaining to an organism or process that requires oxygen 3.2 ammonia (NH3): A gaseous compound that has a pungent odor and is commonly formed from organic nitrogen compounds during composting 3.3 ammonium (NH4+): An ion of n
16、itrogen and hydrogen that is readily converted to and from ammonia depending on pH and moisture content of the compost pile 3.4 anaerobic: Pertaining to an organism or process that does not require air or free oxygen ANSI/ASABE EP585 DEC2015 Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological
17、Engineers 2 3.5 bacteria: A group of single-celled microorganisms responsible for decay and nitrogen fixation in composting systems 3.6 biosecurity: Preventative measures designed to reduce infectious disease transmission; with regard to mortality composting, control of scavenging animals, birds, or
18、 insects to prevent their contact with carcasses and potential for serving as vectors for transferring disease outside the compost site or farm boundaries. 3.7 bin composting system: A composting technique that uses structures comprised of three supported sides to contain compost material 3.8 bucket
19、 loader: a tractor with a bucket or scoop mounted on the front, used for digging and loading 3.9 bulk density: a property of granular or particulate solids representing the mass of the many particles of the material divided by the total volume the material occupies, including particle volume, void v
20、olume, and pore volume 3.10 bulking agent: particles of material used in composting to maintain air spaces and facilitate airflow within the compost pile 3.11 carbon material: organic material, such as sawdust, straw, corn stalks, and other crop residues having a high amount of carbon 3.12 carcass:
21、a deceased animal; also called a “mortality” 3.13 carcass composting: A disposal process that conceals animal carcasses under a blanket of organic material to promote microbial decomposition at elevated temperatures 3.14 C:N: Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, representing the weight of organic carbon (C) to
22、 that of total nitrogen (N) in an organic material 3.15 cubic yard: a volumetric measurement unit represented by a box that is 1 yard high, 1 yard wide, and 1 yard long; also equal to 27 cubic feet 3.16 leachate: any liquid that drains from stockpiled material (i.e. compost pile) and contains elevat
23、ed concentrations of nutrients and other undesirable components derived from the material 3.17 manure: the fecal and urinary excretion of animals; may also contain bedding material, spilled feed, water, soil, and animal by-products such as feathers, hair, contaminated milk, etc. 3.18 moisture conten
24、t: the fraction of a substance that is made up of water; equal to the weight of water divided by the total weight of water plus dry matter 3.19 moisture squeeze test: a simple method for determining if compost material is at the optimal moisture content for composting to occur; Wearing latex gloves,
25、 a handful of the compost pile material should be squeezed. If water can be squeezed out of the material, it is too wet. If no water emerges, and the gloved hand does not have a noticeable sheen of water on it, the sample is too dry. 3.20 mortality: a deceased animal; also called a “carcass” 3.21 or
26、ganic matter: hydrocarbon based compounds derived from once-living plants and animals and their waste products 3.22 pathogen: an organism found in waste material capable of producing disease or infection 3.23 pH: a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution; expressed as number valu
27、es from 1 through 14 with lower numbers representing more acidic material, higher numbers representing more basic materials, and pH = 7 considered neutral 3.24 recipe: the ingredients and proportions used in blending together raw materials for composting ANSI/ASABE EP585 DEC2015 Copyright American S
28、ociety of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 3 3.25 turning: the act of mixing or agitating material in a compost pile to increase porosity and enhance passive aeration 3.26 vermin: undesirable mammals, birds, or insects that can scavenge compost piles to feed on decaying animal materials in the
29、pile 4 Functional Requirements of All Mortality Composting Systems Mortality composting systems shall be designed and operated so as to provide: 4.1 Containment: a sufficient thickness or depth of cover material is used such that: no portion of any carcass is visible; the frequency, intensity, and c
30、haracter of emitted odors are consistent with accepted good livestock production practices for the locale; no leachate is released from routine composting facilities and leachate from emergency composting facilities is covered by at least 12 inches of envelope materials; and vermin do not congregate
31、 at the composting facility. For windrow composting of larger carcasses such as cattle and horses, at least 18 inches of base should be constructed below the carcass to maintain sufficient airflow in a static pile and absorb leachate. 4.2 Decomposition: reduction of all soft tissues, internal organs
32、, and small bones of carcasses to an inoffensive soil- or mulch-like product; dry durable remains such as large bones, hooves, etc. that are free of readily degradable tissue; no cause for vermin to congregate at the compost storage or application sites. 4.3 Pathogen retention and reduction: exposur
33、e of decomposing tissue to time/temperature conditions that inactivate disease-causing microorganisms as specified by the USEPA for Class A or Class B composted biosolids. 4.4 Compost product recycling: a recycling plan identifying land area suitably sized for application of finished compost so as t
34、o permit safe and beneficial incorporation of the finished compost into crop production, forestry, or production of similar crops that are not consumed in a raw state (without prior processing) by humans or animals. 5 General Planning Considerations 5.1 Laws and regulations vary among locales. The f
35、acility should be installed and operated in compliance with all federal, state, and local laws and regulations. 5.2 Safety and personal protection measures and practices should be implemented to minimize worker, equipment, and biosecurity hazards during the composting process. 5.3 Facility siting ma
36、y be dictated by local, state, or federal laws and regulations. General good practices include locating the facility: at least two feet above the seasonal high water table and on a base of low permeability soil, concrete, or another liner material that will prevent groundwater contamination; away fr
37、om sensitive areas such as wells, streams, neighbors, and public use areas; such that prevailing winds and topography minimize odor transport and limit visibility from nearby roads and properties; and such that access by equipment is possible in all weather and does not interfere with other operatio
38、ns or traffic. 5.4 Facility size should consider farm capacity, compost duration, actual past death loss data, operating equipment (to load and mix) size, and if different phases of compost pile or bin are needed. 5.5 Facility type should be selected based on available space, resources (equipment, l
39、abor, time), raw materials available, and desired quality of the finished compost. ANSI/ASABE EP585 DEC2015 Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 4 5.5.1 Windrow 5.5.1.1 A windrow compost pile is a trapezoidal shaped pile, typically 4 to 7 feet in height, of unspecified
40、 length built above ground and not contained by walls. 5.5.1.2 Carcasses are placed in a single layer (cattle, mature pigs, etc.) or multiple layers (poultry, piglets, carcass parts, etc.) upon a base of organic material and covered with a mound of additional organic materials. 5.5.2 Bin composter 5
41、.5.2.1 A bin composting system utilizes a three-sided enclosure to contain carcasses buried in a mound of organic material. Sides may be constructed of hay bales, wood, or any other material that is structurally competent to confine the compost pile material. 5.5.2.2 Bin composting structures may be
42、 roofed or unroofed. Roofed bins offer the advantage of controlled moisture in the compost pile, which can reduce leachate potential. Unroofed bins are less expensive and simpler in design but precipitation and weather variations can affect the compost process. 5.6 Equipment needs include a front-en
43、d loader or bucket loader to move mortalities, construct and manage the pile, and remove the finished compost. A long-stemmed thermometer is also needed for monitoring temperature throughout the pile(s) to help determine compost maturity or identify composting problems. 6 General Design Consideratio
44、ns 6.1 The system should be located away from streams, ponds, wells, and other sensitive water bodies. If needed, a diversion terrace should be constructed around the upstream side of the compost site to prevent water run-on. State or local regulations and ordinances should be consulted for specific
45、 design and setback requirements. 6.2 Consider farm residence and nearby neighbor residences that might be affected by potential odors and visual pollution. 6.3 Consider traffic patterns required in moving carcass parts and pile ingredients to the compost site and develop biosecurity protocols that
46、help prevent the spread of disease from the carcasses. 6.4 The compost site roads and work areas should be well drained and provide all-weather access. The long axis of an uncovered windrow should be oriented up and down the sites fall line to reduce the likelihood and duration of ponding. A moistur
47、e barrier beneath the pile will prevent leaching of chemical and biological contaminants into the ground. 6.5 Composting animal carcasses requires the addition of a carbon source to ensure proper carbon/nitrogen ratios. Sawdust or wood shavings are an ideal carbon source due to their small particle
48、size, ease of handling, absorbency and high carbon content. When sawdust or wood shavings are used as a carbon source, plan to provide about 100 cubic feet of the product per 1 000 pounds of carcass to be composted. A carbon/nitrogen ratio of 25:1 to 35:1 is effective especially for larger carcasses
49、 such as cattle and horses. 6.6 A mixture of bedding material (e.g. wood shavings, straw, etc.), solid manure (horse or cattle), and/or spoiled feed or feed refusals can be used as pile material. 6.7 Moisture content of the pile should be monitored regularly. Material that is too wet may smell rancid, sour or otherwise offensive; material that is too dry may not smell at all, but is unlikely to be actively composting. 6.8 Moisture is easily added when the pile is being turned. If moisture must be added to a pile that is not being turned, spra
