1、 ANSI E1.23 2010 (R2015) Entertainment TechnologyDesign and Execution of Theatrical Fog Effects Document number F Contract Services Adminstration Trust Fund; U Matthew R. DeLong; Rosco Laboratories; MP Brad Dittmer; Stage Labor of the Ozarks; U Mark Elliott; Walt Disney Company; U Paul Jordan; NBC U
2、niversal; U Edwin S. Kramer; I.A.T.S.E. Local 1; U Don Phillips; Ultratec Special Effects Inc.; MP Larry Schoeneman; DesignLab Chicago, Inc.; DR Marnie Styles; Ultratec Special Effects Inc.; MP Mike Wood; Mike Wood Consulting LLC; G Observer members: Joshua Alemany; Rosco Laboratories; MP Clive Bail
3、ey; Martin Professional A/S; MP Robert Barbagallo; Solotech Inc.; U Paul Beasley; Walt Disney Imagineering; Walt Disney Company; U Ron Bonner; PLASA Technical Resources Office; PLASA EU; G Justin Cicerone; Martin Professional; Harman International Industries; MP Jim Cooper; Palomar College; USITT; U
4、 Gary Crawford; C I T C; MP Gary Fails; City Theatrical, Inc.; MP Lowell Fowler; High End Systems Inc.; MP Randy L. Fox; Walt Disney Company; U Reuben Goldberg; Technic Services; U Jerry Gorrell; Theatre Safety Programs; G Kent H. Jorgensen; IATSE Local 80; G Nathan Kahn; Look Solutions USA Ltd.; MP
5、 Thomas V. Korder; Krannert Center for the Performing Arts; University of Illinois; U Peggy Lee Martindale; University of Texas, Austin; G Greg Meeh; Jauchem DR Martin Michaud; MDG Fog Generators Ltd.; MP Monona Rossol; Arts, Crafts G Adrian Segeren; Ultratec Special Effects Inc.; MP Ford Sellers; C
6、hauvet Lighting; MP Eric Tishman; Rosco Laboratories; MP Stephen Vanciel; U Colin Waters; TMB; G Norman Wright; Group One; DR Interest categories: CP Custom-market producer DE Designer DR Dealer or rental company G General interest MP Mass-market producer U User 2017 ESTA vi ANSI E1.23 2010 (R2015)
7、F 1,2-propanediol) 57-55-6 diethylene glycol 111-46-6 dipropylene glycol 25265-71-8, 106-62-7, 110-98-5, 108-61-2 1,2-butylene glycol (1,2-butanediol) 584-03-2 1,3-butylene glycol (1,3-butanediol) 107-88-0 glycerin (glycerol; 1,2,3- propanetriol) 56-81-5 white mineral oil, medicinal or food grade 80
8、42-47-5 water 07732-18-5 nitrogen, liquefied (LN2, L-N2) 7727-37-9 oxygen, liquefied (LOX) 80937-33-3 carbon dioxide, liquefied (LCO2, L-CO2) 124-38-9 The aerosols within the scope of this Standard are injected directly into the environment or are carried out of the fog generating equipment on a str
9、eam of ambient air, or a stream of nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, or a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen that approximates the composition of normal air. The Chemical Abstracts Service registry numbers for the gases that may be used as vehicles for the aerosols within the scope of this Standard are a
10、s follows: Name CAS # oxygen 7782-44-7 nitrogen 7727-37-9 argon 7440-37-1 carbon dioxide 124-38-9 This Standard is not intended to be used for guidance in planning or executing any fog effect that uses a liquid or gas not listed above. 1.2 Purpose The purpose of this Standard is to offer atmospheric
11、 effects creators and operators guidance in the planning and execution of theatrical fog effects so that the health and comfort of workers and spectators shall not be compromised by excessive exposure to chemicals and particulates that are the result of the use of such theatrical fog effects. The St
12、andard is also intended to provide guidance related to the obscuration of hazards or paths of egress in the theatre, arena, place of entertainment or public assembly in which the fog effect is produced. In addition, the Standard is intended to help avoid 2017 ESTA 1 ANSI E1.23 2010 (R2015) F heating
13、, cooling, and ventilation air flow; and placement of scenery or personnel that would affect fog distribution. With haze effects, monitoring of the obscuration caused by the effect shall be permitted to be done during the event in lieu of pre-event testing. 3.5.2 Control of fluid residue build-up 3.
14、5.2.1* Slip hazards Measures shall be adopted to monitor and control residue build-up from aerosol settling on walking surfaces. 3.5.2.2 Blockage of distribution equipment Measures shall be adopted to monitor and control fluid build-up that blocks or otherwise negatively affects the operation of fog
15、 distribution equipment. 3.5.2.3* Contamination of other equipment Measures shall be adopted to monitor and control fluid build-up that may negatively affect other types of equipment located in the vicinity of fog effects. 3.5.3 Control of inhalation exposure to liquids and toxic gases 3.5.3.1* The
16、permissible amount of human exposure to the fog materials (both liquid and gas) shall be determined. ANSI E1.5 (current edition) and 29 CFR 1910.1000 shall be consulted by users of this Standard in the United States of America and its territories for citations relevant to the materials being used. U
17、sers outside United States jurisdiction may consult these references but shall consult the relevant exposure standards published by the governmental occupational health and safety authority in their jurisdiction. Consulting non-governmental and non-standards guidance documents shall be permitted and
18、 the exposure guidelines given in them used, as long as the exposure levels are lower than those stated in any relevant governmental or nationally recognized standards document. 3.5.3.2 Measures shall be adopted to monitor and control the exposure of workers and the public to the fog materials. The
19、monitoring method chosen shall be appropriate to the exposure limit of concern. The following monitoring methods shall be permitted to be adopted: 3.5.3.2.1 Monitoring by means of calculating time-weighted average exposure levels from the quantity of fluid used over an interval of time and the volum
20、e of the venue shall be permitted to be adopted as an exposure control means in cases of haze effects in which the effect is evenly distributed and no person is ever present in the visible plume from the fog effect machine. 3.5.3.2.2* Monitoring peak exposures by means of time/distance aerosol conce
21、ntration tables developed by a Certified Industrial Hygienist or other qualified professional for the particular fluid and machine combination being used in the fog effect shall be permitted to be adopted as an exposure control means. 3.5.3.2.3* Monitoring peak and time-weighted average exposure lev
22、els by the use of meters shall be permitted to be adopted as an exposure control means. 3.5.3.2.4 Monitoring time-weighted average exposure levels by the use of calibrated sampling pumps and sampling tubes, with the sampling tubes being sent to an accredited laboratory for analysis, shall be permitt
23、ed to be adopted as an exposure control means. 2017 ESTA 6 ANSI E1.23 2010 (R2015) F and (2) has limited or restricted means for entry or exit (for example, tanks, vessels, silos, storage bins, hoppers, vaults, and pits are spaces that may have limited means of entry.); and (3) is not designed for c
24、ontinuous employee occupancy. OSHA requires all employers to evaluate their workplaces to determine if any spaces are permit-required confined spaces. The addition of fog-making equipment in a small space might require that a space be defined as a permit-required confined space. OSHA defines a permi
25、t-required confined space as a confined space that has one or more of the following characteristics: (1) Contains or has a potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere; (2) Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant; (3) Has an internal configuration such that an entrant coul
26、d be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by a floor which slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross-section; or 2017 ESTA 11 ANSI E1.23 2010 (R2015) F the effect designer should evaluate the environment where the equipment is going to be installed, look for any hazards that ar
27、e likely to damage the equipment, and take steps to guard against this damage. A.3.3.3 Particular care needs to be paid to fog effects equipment that uses cryogenic materials or hot vapors. Insulation or guards should be installed to protect workers and the public from direct contact with surfaces t
28、hat might burn or freeze flesh. A.3.3.4 Many fog-producing machines use heat to vaporize the fog fluids. They should not be built into scenery or other confined spaces where the heat they produce will be trapped and damage the fog equipment or other materials nearby. Machines that use cryogenic mate
29、rials also may make things around them too cold. Conversely, extremes of heat (too hot or too cold) in the environment might affect the fog equipment. This is less likely than heat from the fog machine making things around the machine too hot, but it is a possibility. All machines that are listed by
30、 a nationally recognized testing laboratory have some ambient temperature range in which they are designed to operate and in which they have been tested and found to operate safely. Siting a machine so that it operates outside its design temperature range should be avoided. A.3.4.1 In the United Sta
31、tes, OSHA regulations require almost all electrical apparatus used by employees to be Listed. 29 CFR 1910.303 (a), which deals with electrical devices, says, “The conductors and equipment required or permitted by this subpart shall be acceptable only if approved.“ Section 1910.399 gives the definiti
32、ons for the section, and says something is “approved“ if it is “acceptable.“ The definition for “acceptable“ says something is acceptable if: “(i) If it is accepted, or certified, or listed, or labeled, or otherwise determined to be safe by a nationally recognized testing laboratory; or “(ii) With r
33、espect to an installation or equipment of a kind which no nationally recognized testing laboratory accepts, certifies, lists, labels, or determines to be safe, if it is inspected or tested by another Federal agency, or by a State, municipal, or other local authority responsible for enforcing occupat
34、ional safety provisions of the National Electrical Code, and found in compliance with the provisions of the National Electrical Code as applied in this subpart; or “(iii) With respect to custom-made equipment or related installations which are designed, fabricated for, and intended for use by a part
35、icular customer, if it is determined to be safe for its intended use by its manufacturer on the basis of test data which the employer keeps and makes available for inspection to the Assistant Secretary and his authorized representatives.“ 2017 ESTA 12 ANSI E1.23 2010 (R2015) F&S/2002-3014r14 Other n
36、ations have other ways of ensuring electrical appliance safety that does not involve listing. A.3.5.2.1 All fog technologies have the potential for putting slippery liquids on walking surfaces. Some fluids, effects, and types of equipment are more likely to create slip and fall hazards than others,
37、but all have this potential. A.3.5.2.3 Steps should be taken to minimize the accumulation of fog fluids on the optics of fire alarm sensors, theatrical lighting and projection equipment along with electrical and electronics equipment throughout the venue. Reasonable steps would include minimizing th
38、e levels of fog around the equipment, installing filters on air intakes while ensuring that adequate cooling air flow is maintained, or using a stepped up maintenance schedule to clean the affected equipment more frequently. A.3.5.3.1 The U.S. references provide limits for the liquids cited in the f
39、irst table in section 1.1 and for carbon dioxide, which is listed in the second table. The materials are generally used in glycol, glycerin, mineral oil, and dry ice fog effects. The use of argon, nitrogen, and oxygen have risks associated with elevated or depressed levels of oxygen in the environme
40、nt, and controlling the risks from abnormal oxygen levels is required in clause 3.5.4. Nitrogen is used in liquid nitrogen fog effects and as part of fog effects created using liquid synthetic air. Oxygen is used in liquid synthetic air fog effects. Argon is used infrequently for low-lying fog effec
41、ts with motion picture miniature settings. A.3.5.3.2.2 Monitoring peak exposures by the use of time/distance aerosol concentration tables is the method described in the Equipment-Based Guidelines for the Use of Theatrical Smoke and Haze, prepared for the Equity-League Pension and Health Trust Funds
42、by ENVIRON International Corporation. This guidelines document is available at the time of the writing of this Standard on the Actors Equity website at http:/www.actorsequity.org/library/library.asp?cat=33 and on the Equity-League Pension, Health, and 401(k) Trust Funds website at http:/www.equityle
43、ague.org/PDF/smokehaze/guidelines.pdf. The protocol developed by ENVIRON International for creating the time-distance tables in the Guidelines is posted on the Equity-League Funds website at http:/www.equityleague.org/PDF/smokehaze/protocol.pdf. Please note that Equipment-Based Guidelines for the Us
44、e of Theatrical Smoke and Haze states that its procedures are designed to avoid the use of air sampling monitoring methods (e.g. those methods described in 3.5.3.2.3 and 3.5.3.2.4 of this Standard) but that “these Equipment-Based Guidelines may not be appropriate for all productions.“ The Effect Des
45、igner must determine whether this monitoring method is appropriate for any particular fog effect and performance situation or whether another method would serve better. A.3.5.3.2.3 ESTAs “A Test Is Worth a Thousand Words“ fog testing program offers protocols for controlling exposure by the use of me
46、ters for all the major fog-making technologies. At the time of this writing, information about the protocols is accessible on the ESTA website at http:/tsp.esta.org/tsp/safety/fog.html. It is also available by contacting the ESTA office or emailing a request to foginfoesta.org. A.3.5.4 Liquid synthe
47、tic air is a mixture of liquid nitrogen and liquid oxygen that produces an oxygen/nitrogen gas mix in low-lying fog effects that is close to that found in natural air. Liquid nitrogen and liquid oxygen have different evaporation temperatures (-196 degrees C and -183 degrees C respectively) however,
48、so a separation of the elements occurs as the mixture in the storage dewar gains heat. First the liquid nitrogen turns to gas and is vented, which leaves an oxygen-enriched mixture in the dewar. A fog effect produced with this oxygen-enriched mixture will contain abnormally 2017 ESTA 13 ANSI E1.23 2
49、010 (R2015) F&S/2002-3014r14 high levels of oxygen. High oxygen levels greatly increase the risks of fires. Any oxygen level above 23.5% is considered high, but any level above normal levels will accelerate a fire. Cold gases and gases that are heavier than air may collect in low-lying areas and create concentrations there that are significantly different from the concentrations in the general atmosphere of a venue. Particular attention should be given to monitoring and controlling the oxygen concentrations in low-lying areas such as trap rooms, orchestra pi
