1、ANSI E1.28 2011 (R2016)Guidance on planning followspotpositions in places of publicassemblyApproved as an American National Standard by the ANSI Board ofStandards Review on 1 July 2016.Copyright 2016, the Entertainment Services and Technology Association. All rights reserved.FP/2007-9000r6bNotice an
2、d DisclaimerThe Entertainment Services and Technology Associaotion (ESTA) does not approve, inspect, or certify anyinstallations, procedures, equipment or materials for compliance with codes, recommended practices or standards. Compliance with an ESTA standard or recommended practice is the sole and
3、 exclusive responsibility of the manufacturer or provider and is entirely within their control and discretion. Any markings, identification, or other claims of compliance do not constitute certification or approval of any type or nature whatsoever by ESTA.ESTA neither guarantees nor warrants the acc
4、uracy or completeness of any information published herein and disclaim liability for any personal injury, property or other damage or injury of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance
5、on this document. In issuing and distributing this document, ESTA does not either (a) undertake to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity, or (b) undertake any duty to any person or entity with respect to this document or its contents. Anyone using this docume
6、nt should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstance. Published By:The Entertainmen Services and Technology Association630 Ninth Avenue, Suite 609New York, NY 100
7、36USAPhone: 1-212-244-1505Fax: 1-212-244-1502Email: standardsesta.orgThe ESTA Technical Standards ProgramThe ESTA Technical Standards Program was created to serve the ESTA membership and the entertainment industry in technical standards related matters. The goal of the Program is to take a leading r
8、ole regarding technology within the entertainment industry by creating recommended practices and standards, monitoring standards issues around the world on behalf of our members, and improving communications and safety within the industry. ESTA works closely with the technical standards efforts of o
9、ther organizations within our industry, including USITT and VPLT, as well as representing the interests of ESTA members to ANSI, UL, and the NFPA. The Technical Standards Program is accredited by the American National Standards Institute.The Technical Standards Council (TSC) was established to overs
10、ee and coordinate the Technical Standards Program. Made up of individuals experienced in standards-making work from throughout our industry, the Council approves all projects undertaken and assigns them to the appropriate working group. The Technical Standards Council employs a Technical Standards M
11、anager to coordinate the work of the Council and its working groups as well as maintain a “Standards Watch” on behalf of members. Working groups include Camera Cranes, Control Protocols, Electrical Power, Floors, Fog and Smoke, Followspot Position, Photometrics, Rigging, and Stage Lifts.ESTA encoura
12、ges active participation in the Technical Standards Program. There are several ways to become involved. If you would like to become a member of an existing working group, as have over four hundred people, you must complete an application which is available from the ESTA office. Your application is s
13、ubject to approval by the working group and you will be required to actively participate in the work of the group. This includes responding to letter ballots and attending meetings. Membership in ESTA is not a requirement. You can also become involved by requesting that the TSC develop a standard or
14、 a recommended practice in an area of concern to you.The Followspot Positon Working Group, which authored this Standard, consists of a cross section of entertainment industry professionals representing a diversity of interests. ESTA is committed to developingconsensus-based standards and recommended
15、 practices in an open setting. ANSI E1.28 2011 (R2016), Guidance on planning followspot positions in places of public assemblyInvestors in InnovationThe Technical Standard Program is financially supported by ESTA members and by companies and individualsInvestors in Innovationwho make undirected dona
16、tions. Information about becoming an Investor in Innovation is available at http:/tsp.esta.org/invest. The Investors in Innovation when this standard was approved by ANSI include these companies and individuals:VISIONARY ($10,000 100 employees/members)Columbus McKinnonETCLDIProSight Specialty Insura
17、nceUnited States Institute for TheatreTechnologyVISIONARY ($5,000 20100 employees/members)Altman Lighting, Inc. JR ClancyVISIONARY ($500 100 employees/members)Barbizon ElectricRosco LaboratoriesTexas Scenic CompanyINVESTOR ($1,500$4,999; 20100 employees/members)American Society of Theatre Consultant
18、sH 100 employees/members)Ian Foulds, IATSE Local 873IATSE Local 80IATSE Local 728PSAVSUPPORTER ($1,500; 20100 employees/members)InCordLycian Stage LightingOasis Stage WerksStage Equipment 20 employees/members)Tony GiovannettiJones-Phillips Associates, LLCMusique Xpress Lights, Inc.*Niscon Inc.Strohm
19、eier Lighting, Inc.Steve TerryChristopher B. TiltonTracy UnderhillArjan van VughtStephen Vanciel*Investor for over 15 years 2016 ESTA page iANSI E1.28 2011 (R2016), Guidance on planning followspot positions in places of public assemblyContact InformationTechnical Standards ManagerKarl G. RulingThe E
20、ntertainment Services and Technology Association630 Ninth Avenue, Suite 609New York, NY 10036USA1-212-244-1505karl.rulingesta.orgAssistant Technical Standards ManagerErin GrabeThe Entertainment Services and Technology Association630 Ninth Avenue, Suite 609New York, NY 10036USA1-212-244-1505erin.grab
21、eesta.orgTechnical Standards Council ChairpersonsMike GarlMike Garl Consulting LLC836 Smoke Creek Rd.Knoxville, TN 37934USA1-865-389-Mike WoodMike Wood Consulting LLC6401 Clairmont DriveAustin, TX 78749USA1-512-288-Followspot Position Working Group ChairpersonsJules LauveTheatre Projects Consultants
22、, Inc.47 Water StreetSouth Norwalk, CT 06854USA1-203-299-Richard LogothetisLycian Stage LightingP.O. Box D, Kings HighwaySugar Loaf, NY 10981USA1-845-469- 2016 ESTA page iiANSI E1.28 2011 (R2016), Guidance on planning followspot positions in places of public assemblyAcknowledgmentsThe Followspot Pos
23、tion Working Group members when this document was approved by the working group on 24 May 2016 are shown below. The company or organization listed is the company or organization represented. Voting members:Edwin S. Kramer, I.A.T.S.E. Local 1, UKyle Kusmer, Steven Schaefer Associates, GJules Lauve, T
24、heatre Projects Consultants, Inc., DEFred Lindauer, GRichard Logothetis, Lycian Stage Lighting, PRichard J. Nix, ZFX Flying, Inc., GChip Purchase, Foundation for Jones Hall, UStephen Vanciel, IATSE Local 631, UR. Duane Wilson, Amer. Society of Theatre Consultants, DEObserver (non-voting) members:Jer
25、ry Gorrell, Theatre Safety Programs, UCurtis Kasefang, Theatre Consultants Collaborative, LLC, PFord Sellers, Chauvet Lighting, PInterest category codes:P = producerDE = designerG = general interestU = user 2016 ESTA page iiiANSI E1.28 2011 (R2016), Guidance on planning followspot positions in place
26、s of public assemblyTable of ContentsInvestors in Innovation.iContact Information.iiAcknowledgmentsiii1 Introduction11.1 Purpose11.2 Scope.12 Definitions13 Type Classifications.23.1 Type 1 position.23.2 Type 2 position.23.3 Type 3 position.24 Space and Location.24.1 Location24.1.1 Tilt angles34.1.2
27、Pan angles34.2 Dimensional Requirements34.3 Access34.3.1 Equipment Access.34.3.2 Personnel Access and Egress.44.4 Followspot Position Windows.44.4.1 Size.44.4.2 Transparency44.5 Communication44.6 Floor surfaces.44.7 Space planning.44.8 Wall and ceiling finish.44.9 Acoustical isolation.45 Structural.
28、55.1 Loading.55.1.1 Live Load Capacity55.1.2 Dead Load Capacity55.2 Deflection.55.3 Fall Restraint Systems55.4 Railings.55.5 Followspot anchorage56 Electrical Recommendations.66.1 Followspot power requirements66.1.1 Type 1 installations66.1.2 Type 2 installations66.1.3 Type 3 installations66.2 Overc
29、urrent Protection.66.3 Communications.66.4 Data66.5 Followspot Position Lighting.76.5.1 General lighting.76.5.2 Task lighting77 HVAC.7 2016 ESTA page ivANSI E1.28 2011 (R2016), Guidance on planning followspot positions in places of public assembly7.1 General.77.2 Special ventilation77.3 Operational
30、noise levels.77.4 Heat Load.7Annex.8A.1 Guidelines for heat load calculations (informational):.8A.2 Convenience power (additional recommendations).8A.3 Miscellaneous additional recommendations.8A.4 Drawings9 2016 ESTA page vANSI E1.28 2011 (R2016), Guidance on planning followspot positions in places
31、 of public assembly1 Introduction1.1 PurposeThe purpose of this document is to offer guidance and to make recommendations for the placement and arrangement of permanent followspot positions in places of public assembly. Information in this document is not intended to conflict with any federal, state
32、 or local codes, statutes, ordinances or regulations, or to replace competent professional advice.1.2 Scope This document makes recommendations for the operational and functional aspects of permanent followspot positions within places of public assembly, including the determination of their location
33、 within the venue, their physical space requirements, and the safety considerations associated with their use. The scope of this document includes accessibility and environmental concerns, but only to the extent that these concerns relate to (a) the location and configuration of followspot positions
34、, (b) the working environment created by these areas during their intended use, and (c) the working environment created during other activities incidental to their intended use.Temporary followspot positions are not included in the scope of this document.2 Definitions2.1 followspot: A manually opera
35、ted spotlight intended specifically for illuminating moving objects or performers.2.2 followspot position: A purpose-designed, permanently located space or platform, specifically intended for one or more followspots.2.2.1 followspot booth: A followspot position that is an enclosed room or space spec
36、ifically intended for the placement, use, and operation of followspots. 2.2.2 followspot platform: A followspot position that is an open-sided platform specifically intended for the placement, use, and operation of followspots. 2.3 obstruction: Any interference to the movement of the followspot, its
37、 operator, or any interference in the path of the followspot light beam, between the intended followspot position and the performance area, whether predictable or not. Examples of physical obstructions include building structural framing elements and any equipment attached to the building structural
38、 framing elements. 2.4 pan angle: The included angle formed by the followspots horizontal limits of movement, measured at the followspots beam centerline. 2.5 qualified lighting specialist: A person who by possession of a recognized degree or certificate of professional standing, or who by extensive
39、 knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated the ability to solve or resolve problems relating to live event lighting using followspots.2.6 railing: Any barrier that is intended to function as an OSHA or building code compliant guardrail 2016 ESTA page 1ANSI E1.28 2011 (R2016)
40、, Guidance on planning followspot positions in places of public assembly2.7 Special-Purpose Industrial Occupancy: An industrial occupancy in which ordinary and low hazard industrial operations are conducted in buildings designed for, and suitable only for, particular types of operations, characteriz
41、ed by a relatively low density of employee population, with much of the area occupied by machinery or equipment.2.8 throw distance: The line-of-sight distance from the front of the followspot to its intended target when the target is at its farthest point from the followspot.2.9 tilt angle: The incl
42、uded angle formed by the followspots vertical limits of movement, measured at the followspots beam centerline. 3 Type ClassificationsThe recommended criteria for followspot positions are determined by the venue size and its intended function (i.e., the programming). In general, followspots that must
43、 light a stage that is a long distance awaywill be physically larger and require more power than followspots lighting a stage that is closer. Also, if the general level of illumination on the stage is high, the followspots will need to be larger and use more power than they would if the general ligh
44、t level were lower. The following type listing should be modified tosuit the particular situation and is only a rough guide. For example, if the throw distance used in the type listing suggests a type 2, but the stage is expected to be brilliantly illuminated, perhaps type 3 should be used for the d
45、esign criteria.3.1 Type 1 positionA followspot position where the throw distance from the followspot position to the stage is up to 80 feet (24.4 m). 3.2 Type 2 position A followspot position where the throw distance from the followspot position to the stage is 80 to 150 feet (24.4 to 45.7 m)3.3 Typ
46、e 3 position A followspot position where the throw distance from the followspot position to the stage is over 150 feet (45.7 m).4 Space and Location The intent of this section is to provide technical guidelines for permanent followspot positions.4.1 Location Followspot positions require clear lines
47、of sight from the fixture light source and from the operators eye to all locations within the venue that the followspot is intended to illuminate. The horizontal and vertical angleof incidence between the beam of light to the performer or object to be illuminated is a critical design decision in det
48、ermining the location and layout of the followspot position. The specific criteria vary from venue to venue and may change for individual followspot positions within a single venue.Lighting in a performance venue is an artistic endeavor. There are many suitable geometric relationships between the lo
49、cation of the followspot position and the target. However, there are some general recommendations that apply to a great many venues. 2016 ESTA page 2ANSI E1.28 2011 (R2016), Guidance on planning followspot positions in places of public assembly4.1.1 Tilt anglesFollowspot positions should be located to provide tilt angles as follows:In theatres and similar venues, the downward tilt angle should be within the range of 25 degrees to 55 de
