1、ANSI E1.40 - 2016Recommendations for the Planning ofTheatrical Dust EffectsF 100 employees/members)Columbus McKinnonETCLDIProSight Specialty InsuranceUnited States Institute for Theatre TechnologyVISIONARY ($5,000 20100 employees/members)Altman Lighting, Inc. JR ClancyVISIONARY ($500 100 employees/m
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5、rg/invest or contacting standardsesta.org. 2016 ESTA F However, they are also used in theatricalproductions and within theme parks. The use of dust in this manner raises concerns for potential hazards including combustibility and health effects from inhalation or ingestion, which, although well know
6、n in some sectors of the industry, are poorly understood in others. This document provides recommendations for how to plan the use and assess the safety of such effects. 2 IntroductionThe word dust is non-specific and means different things to different people. Dust is used in this documentas a gene
7、ric term referring to any solid particles scattered or suspended in the air where the common denominator is the use to which it is put, as a set dressing or as a special effect. Dust can be used in small quantities, such as to sprinkle on books or props to age them or to enhance artificial cobwebs,
8、all the way up to extensive use on film sets where a complete realistic environment is being created. Dust use in film sets for special effects is very common, and the users in that industry are usually more familiar with the techniques than those in theatrical venues. However, the same basic princi
9、ples of safe operation apply to everyone, no matter the application.3 Major Categories of DustThe dust used in theatrical effects generally can be broken down into three major categoriesplant and animal-based, mineral, and syntheticdepending on the source of the dust.3.1 Plant and animal-basedPlant
10、and animal-based dusts are those based on naturally occurring products from plants or animals. Examples of common products derived from plants or animals that have been used as a theatrical dust effect include wheat flour, rice flour, rice gluten, corn starch, coffee creamers, and crushed nutshells.
11、 3.2 MineralMineral-based dusts include fullers earth, kaolin, aluminum magnesium silicate, pyrolite, pyrophyllite, and diatomaceous earth. Diatomaceous earth is the fossilized remains of diatoms and hard-shelled algae, so it could be classified as a plant or animal-based dust, but fossilization lea
12、ves only the mineral remains of those life-forms, particularly silica, behind in the diatomaceous earth.3.3 SyntheticThere are many synthetic products that might be used to make dust. Colored dyes, ground plastics, and extremely high density glycols, such as polyethylene glycol 3350, might be among
13、the things considered for dust effects. Note: None of these classifications (plant and animal-based, mineral, or synthetic) is inherently safer than another. For example, wood dust is a plant product, but most wood dusts are confirmed carcinogens. Titanium dioxide is a white pigment that is found in
14、 minerals such as rutile and anatase. (Rutile is about 98% titanium dioxide.) The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified it as a group 2B carcinogen based on inhalation studies. F common materials such as flour can be highly explosive when finely dispersed in the air. OSHA 3371-0
15、8 2009 - Health Communication Guidance on Combustible Dusts contains generic advice on dealing with and mitigating such hazards and lists the following materials as examples of potential explosion hazards: metal dust, such as aluminum and magnesium; wood dust; plastic or rubber dust; biosolids; coal
16、 dust; plant and animal-based dusts, such asflour, sugar, paper, soap, and dried blood; and dusts from certain textiles.Different dusts of the same chemical material can have different ignitability and explosibility characteristics, depending upon physical characteristics such as particle size, shap
17、e, and moisture content. These physical characteristics can change during manufacturing, use or while the material is being processed.There are five key elements for a dust fire or explosion; if these elements are missing a fire or explosion cannot occur. The first three elements are those needed fo
18、r any fire, i.e., the familiar fire triangle:1. Combustible dust (fuel)2. Ignition source (heat)3. Oxygen in air (oxidizer)An additional element must be present for a combustible dust flash-fire, technically called a deflagration:4. Dispersion of dust particles in the air in sufficient quantity and
19、concentrationThe resulting deflagration can be exacerbated by confinement to make a combustible dust explosion:5. Confinement of the dust cloud.F&S/2010-3003r3 4ANSI E1.40 - 2016, Recommendations for the Planning of Theatrical Dust EffectsIf the use of a potentially combustible dust is contemplated,
20、 mitigation of these five elements must be considered. Of these, the most important is insuring the dust is not dispersed in the air in significant amounts. Even removing all ignition sources including heat, sparks, and flame, cannot ensure that the dust will not be ignited by an unexpected static d
21、ischarge. Clean up of these substances also must be done without creating airborne dust clouds.A combustible dust cloud in a room or confined area is more dangerous than one out in the open. However, a cloud of dust can ignite and burn in the open causing harm to those in or near the cloud. 5 Risk R
22、eduction5.1 Product Selection First and foremost make sure you know the precise composition of the product you are using. Obtain and read a Safety Data Sheet for the product and abide by any associated exposure limits.Many products have Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL) established by Federal or Sta
23、te OSHA. Refer to Federal and State OSHA Regulations for further information. Give preference to materials for which there are recognized exposure limits and avoid using materials for which there are no recognized limits. If non-organic materials are used, pay particular attention to the crystalline
24、 or free silica content. Avoid using products containing known carcinogens. Consult the SDS to identify if a material or product contains a sensitizer and avoid using products containing known sensitizers. Use the largest particle size commensurate with achieving the desired effect. In particular, p
25、roducts containing a significant concentration of particles under 10 microns, which are more likely to be inhaled deeply into the respiratory system, should be avoided. Avoid using products that are combustible, particularly when a large amount of the product is needed or there is a risk that it wil
26、l get dispersed into the air. For film and television production consider adding dust effects digitally.5.2 Product Usage Inform all cast and crew about the products being used, potential effects, and the necessary precautions that should be taken. Provide audience signage to warn of the effect bein
27、g used. If possible mix or bind the product with a liquid medium (such as water or non-toxic binders or adhesives) to reduce the chance of it becoming airborne. If it cannot be mixed or bound in this way, then dampen the product whenever possible. If the product contains a range of particle sizes sc
28、reen or filter out smaller particles. Use the minimum possible product to create the effect needed. Monitor and control usage and ventilation throughout the application and use to ensure that exposure is maintained at or below applicable exposure limits. Follow manufacturers instructions.F&S/2010-30
29、03r3 5ANSI E1.40 - 2016, Recommendations for the Planning of Theatrical Dust Effects Eliminate or limit exposure by removing unnecessary personnel, particularly when the material is being applied. For set decorating, apply the product when there are few people around. If the usage is indoors, periodically ventilate the area.5.3 Use PPE and Appropriate Tools Provide proper Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) as necessary. Provide appropriate tools for application of the dust effect and later clean up.= END =F&S/2010-3003r3 6
