1、 ANSI E1.48 - 2014 A Recommended Luminous Efficiency Function for Stage and Studio Luminaire Photometry Photo/2013-5000r2 blank page ANSI E1.48 - 2014 A Recommended Luminous Efficiency Function for Stage and Studio Luminaire Photometry Photo/2013-5000r2 Approved as an American National Standard by t
2、he ANSI Board of Standards Review on 27 January 2014. This standard was originally published when the Entertainment Services and Technology Association was operating under the name of PLASA North America. ESTA has reverted to its original name, and this document has been rebranded with the current c
3、orporate name and logo. No changes have been made to the contents of the standard. 2017 ESTA ANSI E1.48, A Recommended Luminous Efficiency Function for Stage and Studio Luminaire Photometry Notice and Disclaimer ESTA does not approve, inspect, or certify any installations, procedures, equipment or m
4、aterials for compliance with codes, recommended practices or standards. Compliance with an ESTA standard or recommended practice is the sole and exclusive responsibility of the manufacturer or provider and is entirely within their control and discretion. Any markings, identification, or other claims
5、 of compliance do not constitute certification or approval of any type or nature whatsoever by ESTA. ESTA neither guarantees nor warrants the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein and disclaim liability for any personal injury, property or other damage or injury of any nature
6、whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on this document. In issuing and distributing this document, ESTA does not either (a) undertake to render professional or other services for or on behalf o
7、f any person or entity, or (b) undertake any duty to any person or entity with respect to this document or its contents. Anyone using this document should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reason
8、able care in any given circumstance. Published By: Entertainment Services and Technology Association 630 Ninth Avenue, Suite 609 New York, NY 10036 USA Phone: 1-212-244-1505 Fax: 1-212-244-1502 Email: standardsesta.org 2017 ESTA page i Photo/2013-5000r2 ANSI E1.48, A Recommended Luminous Efficiency
9、Function for Stage and Studio Luminaire Photometry The ESTA Technical Standards Program The ESTA Technical Standards Program was created to serve the ESTA membership and the entertainment industry in technical standards related matters. The goal of the Program is to take a leading role regarding tec
10、hnology within the entertainment industry by creating recommended practices and standards, monitoring standards issues around the world on behalf of our members, and improving communications and safety within the industry. ESTA works closely with the technical standards efforts of other organization
11、s within our industry, including USITT and VPLT, as well as representing the interests of ESTA members to ANSI, UL, and the NFPA. The Technical Standards Program is accredited by the American National Standards Institute. The Technical Standards Council (TSC) was established to oversee and coordinat
12、e the Technical Standards Program. Made up of individuals experienced in standards-making work from throughout our industry, the Council approves all projects undertaken and assigns them to the appropriate working group. The Technical Standards Council employs a Technical Standards Manager to coordi
13、nate the work of the Council and its working groups as well as maintain a “Standards Watch” on behalf of members. Working groups include: Control Protocols, Electrical Power, Event Safety, Floors, Fog and Smoke, Followspot Position, Photometrics, Rigging, and Stage Lifts. ESTA encourages active part
14、icipation in the Technical Standards Program. There are several ways to become involved. If you would like to become a member of an existing working group, as have over four hundred people, you must complete an application which is available from the ESTA office. Your application is subject to appro
15、val by the working group and you will be required to actively participate in the work of the group. This includes responding to letter ballots and attending meetings. Membership in ESTA is not a requirement. You can also become involved by requesting that the TSC develop a standard or a recommended
16、practice in an area of concern to you. The Photometrics Working Group, which authored this Standard, consists of a cross section of entertainment industry professionals representing a diversity of interests. ESTA is committed to developing consensus-based standards and recommended practices in an op
17、en setting. 2017 ESTA page ii Photo/2013-5000r2 ANSI E1.48, A Recommended Luminous Efficiency Function for Stage and Studio Luminaire Photometry Contact Information Technical Standards Manager Karl G. Ruling ESTA 630 Ninth Avenue, Suite 609 New York, NY 10036 USA 1-212-244-1505 karl.rulingesta.org A
18、ssistant Technical Standards Manager Erin Grabe ESTA 630 Ninth Avenue, Suite 609 New York, NY 10036 USA 1-212-244-1505 erin.grabeesta.org Technical Standards Council Chairpersons Mike Garl Mike Garl Consulting LLC 1-865-389-4371 Mike Wood Mike Wood Consulting LLC 1-512-288-4916 Photometrics Workin
19、g Group Chairperson Jerry Gorrell Theatre Safety Programs 1-480-837-9401 2017 ESTA page iii Photo/2013-5000r2 ANSI E1.48, A Recommended Luminous Efficiency Function for Stage and Studio Luminaire Photometry Acknowledgments The Photometrics Working Group members when this document was approved by th
20、e working group on 4 December 2013 are shown below. Voting members: Jerry Gorrell; Theatre Safety Programs; U Jefferey Knox; Schuler Shook; DE Michael Lay; Royal Philips; MP Kimberly Corbett Oates; Schuler Shook; DE Mark Ravenhill; GLP German Light Products GmbH; MP Karl G. Ruling; Unit 12 Productio
21、ns; DE Markus Salm; GLP German Light Products GmbH; MP Ken Vannice; Ken Vannice LLC; G Mike Wagner; Arnold MP Mike Wood; Mike Wood Consulting LLC; G Observer (non-voting) members: Robert Barbagallo; Solotech Inc.; DR Mos Benaglia; Clay Paky S.P.A.; MP David Bertenshaw; G Lee J. Bloch; Bloch Design G
22、roup, Inc.; U Ron Bonner; PLASA EU; G Andr Broucke; G Jeremy Day; Royal Philips; MP Bill Ellis; Candela Controls, Inc.; U Gregg Esakoff; Electronic Theatre Controls, Inc.; MP Charles H. Green; Charles H. Green; U Tim Hansen; Oasis Stage Werks; U Mitch Hefter; G A C Hickox; Domingo Gonzalez Associate
23、s; U Ed Hyatt; Boston Illumination Group; CP Joseph M. Good_III; Spectrum Professional Services; G Dennis Thykjr Jrgensen; Martin Professional A/S; MP Francois Juliat; Robert Juliat; MP Hiroshi Kita; Marumo Electric Co., Ltd.; MP Bill Klages; New Klages Inc.; U Larry Lieberman; Vision Quest Lighting
24、; CP Rick Loudenburg; Barbizon Companies; DR Doug MacDonald; Designlab Chicago Inc.; DR Jim McHugh; Humboldt State University; U John T. Ryan; Altman Stage Lighting; MP Ron Rykowski; Radiant Imaging, Inc.; G Robert Timmerman; Royal Philips; MP Garrett Young; Prism Projection, Inc.; MP Interest categ
25、ory codes: CP = custom-market producer DE = designer DR = dealer rental company G = general interest MP = mass-market producer U = user 2017 ESTA page iv Photo/2013-5000r2 ANSI E1.48, A Recommended Luminous Efficiency Function for Stage and Studio Luminaire Photometry Table of contents Table of cont
26、ents . v 1 Introduction (not normative) 1 1.1 Problem . 1 1.2 Background . 1 1.3 Solution 2 2 Scope (normative) . 2 3 Requirements (normative) . 3 3.1 Measurement . 3 3.2 Reporting V() . 7 2017 ESTA page v Photo/2013-5000r2 ANSI E1.48, A Recommended Luminous Efficiency Function for Stage and Studio
27、Luminaire Photometry 1 Introduction (not normative) 1.1 Problem The problem this Standard attempts to address is that many light meters, whether hand-held or part of a goniophotometer or other apparatus, use a photopic luminous efficiency function, V(), that does not accurately match the response of
28、 the human eye. They give meter readings for stage and studio luminaires with significant extreme blue and red output as having lower luminous output than they appear to have to the human viewer. Therefore, we recommend a luminosity efficiency function that more closely approximates the response of
29、the human eye for use with meters measuring the illuminance of stage and studio luminaires. 1.2 Background Quite often the photopic luminous efficiency function, V(), used by light meters is the one commonly called “CIE 1924,“ which is, as the name suggests, more than 80 years old. There also are mo
30、re recent luminosity functions, such as CIE 2004, published in ISO 23539:2005(E), Photometry - The CIE System Of Physical Photometry, which is cited by IES LM-79-08, Approved Method for the Electrical and Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products. However, even this most recent stand
31、ard for the photopic luminous efficiency function does not agree with the most recent published research on the human perception of light as a function of wavelength. This disagreement can lead to low meter readingsreadings that do not match what a persons eyes are telling him when he looks at the o
32、utput of a stage and studio luminaire. The error is small with continuous spectrum sources such as incandescent lamps when producing nominally white light, but the error can be significant with luminaires that use narrow-band sources or that use filters on continuous spectrum white sources to produc
33、e intensely colored light. For example, a luminaire using red, green, and blue LEDs with outputs centered at 660, 525, and 470 nm will have the output of the red and blue LEDs under-reported by 11% and 47% per CIE 1924 and by 9% and 43% per CIE 2004 compared to the V() function recommended in this S
34、tandard. In both cases, these differences are significant. An error also will be found with heavily filtered output from a continuous source. The transmission through a congo blue gel will be almost entirely above 660 nm and below 500 nm, which are the extreme ends of the spectrum where CIE 1924 and
35、 CIE 2004 most deviate from the V() function recommended here. Figure 1 shows the CIE 1924 function and the V() function recommended in this Standard. The increased sensitivity with this Standards function can be seen clearly. 2017 ESTA page 1 Photo/2013-5000r2 ANSI E1.48, A Recommended Luminous Eff
36、iciency Function for Stage and Studio Luminaire Photometry Figure 1 Industries that use primarily white light from continuous or near-continuous sources are perhaps not materially affected by the inaccurate V() functions embodied in common light meters. However, the entertainment industry, which use
37、s narrow-band emitters and intensely colored light, is seriously affected. Published luminaire performance data can be off by 50%, simply because the meters used to measure the light output conformed to an inaccurate photopic luminous efficiency function. Photometry differs from most other measureme
38、nt sciences in that nothing is absolute, instead everything is referred back to the human eye and the theoretical “standard observer.“ You cant have a standard lumen in quite the same way as you have a standard kilogram or a standard metre, Instead, the standards are based on statistical studies of
39、many people in an attempt to produce an acceptable average for human vision. The photopic luminous efficiency function, V(), is a means of presenting the data from that accepted average standard observer in a usable form. Most light meters are designed to mimic the response of the human eye, not tha
40、t of a video camera or other light sensor. 1.3 Solution The solution we propose is to specifically recommend the use of a photopic luminous efficiency function, V(), that better matches the response of the human eye than the common historical V() function, when measuring the output of stage and stud
41、io luminaires, particularly when measuring those for which it is known or believed that 20% or more of the output power is at wavelengths shorter than 500 nm. The photopic luminous efficiency function, V(), specified here is based on research done with human subjects in the last decade. It has been
42、offered to the CIE (Commission Internationale de lclairage) for adoption as an international standard, but that adoption is still pending as this E1.48 standard is being written. 2 Scope (normative) This Standard shall apply to all stage and studio luminaires, but particularly to those for which it
43、is known or believed that 20% or more of the output power is at wavelengths shorter than 500 nm. 2017 ESTA page 2 Photo/2013-5000r2 ANSI E1.48, A Recommended Luminous Efficiency Function for Stage and Studio Luminaire Photometry 3 Requirements (normative) 3.1 Measurement Meters of any type that meas
44、ure the output of a stage or studio luminaire shall have a photopic luminous efficiency function, V(), that matches the values given in the following table: Luminous Efficiency Function V() nm V 390 4.14616E-04 391 5.02833E-04 392 6.08499E-04 393 7.34444E-04 394 8.83739E-04 395 1.05965E-03 396 1.265
45、53E-03 397 1.50475E-03 398 1.78049E-03 399 2.09557E-03 400 2.45219E-03 401 2.85222E-03 402 3.29912E-03 403 3.79747E-03 404 4.35277E-03 405 4.97172E-03 406 5.66101E-03 407 6.42161E-03 408 7.25031E-03 409 8.14017E-03 410 9.07986E-03 411 1.00561E-02 412 1.10646E-02 413 1.21052E-02 414 1.31801E-02 415 1
46、.42938E-02 416 1.54500E-02 417 1.66409E-02 418 1.78530E-02 419 1.90702E-02 420 2.02737E-02 421 2.14481E-02 nm V 422 2.26004E-02 423 2.37479E-02 424 2.49125E-02 425 2.61211E-02 426 2.73992E-02 427 2.87499E-02 428 3.01691E-02 429 3.16514E-02 430 3.31904E-02 431 3.47791E-02 432 3.64149E-02 433 3.80957E
47、-02 434 3.98184E-02 435 4.15794E-02 436 4.33710E-02 437 4.51718E-02 438 4.69542E-02 439 4.86872E-02 440 5.03366E-02 441 5.18761E-02 442 5.33222E-02 443 5.47060E-02 444 5.60634E-02 445 5.74339E-02 446 5.88511E-02 447 6.03081E-02 448 6.17864E-02 449 6.32657E-02 450 6.47235E-02 451 6.61475E-02 452 6.75
48、726E-02 453 6.90493E-02 nm V 454 7.06328E-02 455 7.23834E-02 456 7.43596E-02 457 7.65938E-02 458 7.91144E-02 459 8.19535E-02 460 8.51482E-02 461 8.87266E-02 462 9.26601E-02 463 9.68972E-02 464 1.01375E-01 465 1.06014E-01 466 1.10738E-01 467 1.15511E-01 468 1.20312E-01 469 1.25116E-01 470 1.29896E-01
49、 471 1.34630E-01 472 1.39331E-01 473 1.44023E-01 474 1.48737E-01 475 1.53507E-01 476 1.58364E-01 477 1.63320E-01 478 1.68376E-01 479 1.73537E-01 480 1.78805E-01 481 1.84182E-01 482 1.89656E-01 483 1.95210E-01 484 2.00826E-01 485 2.06483E-01 2017 ESTA page 3 Photo/2013-5000r2 ANSI E1.48, A Recommended Luminous Efficiency Function for Stage and Studio Luminaire Photometry nm V 486 2.12183E-01 487 2.18028E-01 488 2.24159E-01 489 2.30730E-01 490 2.37916E-01 491 2.45871E
