1、ANSI/HFES 200 HUMAN FACTORS ENGINEERING OF SOFTWARE USER INTERFACES Published by Human Factors and Ergonomics Society P.O. Box 1369 Santa Monica, CA 904-6-1369 USA 310/394-1811, Fax 310/394-2410 infohfes.org, http:/hfes.org Copyright 20002008, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. All rights reserve
2、d. No portion of this document may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted by any means without prior written permission of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Master Table of Contents Preface . 1 Part 1: Introduction to the HFES 200 Project 6 Part 2: Accessibility 16 Part 3: Interaction Techniq
3、ues. 115 Part 4: Interactive Voice Response (IVR) and Telephony 343 Part 5: Visual Presentation and Use of Color . 367 Preface The Human Factors and Ergonomics Societys Human Factors Engineering of Software User Interfaces (known as “ANSI/HFES 200-2008”) American National Standard represents the cul
4、mination of many years of effort from an extraordinarily talented and tenacious group of leading human factors professionals. ANSI/HFES 200-2008 is a major landmark in the field of human-computer interaction (HCI). Recognition is due first and foremost to the editors of the four major technical sect
5、ions constituting the standard: Professor Greg Vanderheiden, Professor Daryle Gardner-Bonneau, Dr. Aaron Bangor, and Dr. James Williams. The four technical sections of the standard were authored by exceptional editors who defined design guidelines capturing human-computer interactionbased research f
6、indings, established best practices, and the consensus of international experts. This standard is a remarkable achievement particularly because of its meticulous harmonization with international efforts in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the accompanying wide-ranging iss
7、ues that had to be addressed and resolved. Gregg Vanderheiden, PhD, served as the editor for Part 2: Software Accessibility. He is a Professor of Industrial Chair of the V2 Technical Group of INCITS (International Committee on Information Technology Standards / ITI); a Member of Working Group 5 ISO
8、TC 159, ISO/IEC JTC1 SWGA Special working group on accessibility, SC35, and COST219ter. He also served on the 3 US Access Board advisory committees dealing with standards for telecommunication, electronic, and information technologies. Dr. Vanderheiden assumed editorship for Part 2 in 2000 and spear
9、headed the harmonization efforts with his counterpart, Richard Hodgkinson, the editor for ISO 9241-171 . Aaron Bangor, PhD, is a Principal Member of Technical Staff at AT U.S. Expert to ISO TC159 WG2 - Ergonomic Requirements for People with Special Needs; U.S. Expert to ISO TC159 SC4 WG5 - Software
10、Ergonomics and Human-Computer Dialogues; and U.S. Expert to ISO TC159 SC5 WG5 - Environments for People with Special Requirements. James Williams, PhD, is Principal Ergonomist for Synergetic Applications, a consultancy specializing in software ergonomics. Dr. Williams served as the editor for Part 3
11、: Interaction Techniques, and he has participated actively in the development of all sections of HFES 200. His extensive experience with both ANSI and ISO standards activities equipped him to provide important strategic guidance and technical contributions across the board. Dr. Williamss intensive p
12、articipation in ISO activities for over 20 years has made him a uniquely effective contributor to the HFES 200 project. Dr. Williams has been in technical and management positions in various areas of human performance for over 40 years. He has been involved with ANSI and ISO standards for the last 2
13、0 years and chairs the U.S. Technical Advisory Groups to ISO TC159/SC1 and SC4. In addition, he is the Deputy Convener of TC159/SC4/WG1 and a member of SC4 Working Groups 5 and 6. Dr. Williams has been involved with the HFES 200 Committee since its beginning and is editor of Part 3 and a contributor
14、 to Part 2. ANSI/HFES 200-2008 is nothing less than a monumental effort from an extraordinarily dedicated and talented group of human factors professionals who contributed tens of thousands of hours of volunteer efforts over a period of more than 15 years. HFES 200 was established in 1986 to explore
15、 the prospects for developing a set of software user interface design requirements and recommendations rigorously based on empirical evidence and established best practices, and which could be consistently verified through usability testing methods. John Karat chaired the committee from 1986 until 1
16、994 and provided outstanding leadership to facilitate the committees formative contributions to ISO standards activities in Software Ergonomics (ISO TC 159 “Ergonomics”/SC4 “Displays and Controls”/WG5 “Human System Interaction”). Copyright 20002008, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. All rights r
17、eserved. No portion of this document may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted by any means without prior written permission of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. 2 The members of this committee created the formative user interface design recommendations and requirements that constituted the
18、foundation of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards for Dialog Techniques, Visual Presentation, Direct Manipulation, and others. Perhaps more important, the active participation and contributions from this committee to ISO software ergonomics standards efforts firmly est
19、ablished the critical importance of rigorous methodologies and objective, empirical research to substantiate human-computer interaction standards. There are many members of the HFES 200 Committee who have delivered sustained contributions to this important national and international effort for many
20、years. I would like to use this opportunity to recognize several key individuals whose contributions have exerted a formative influence on the development of software ergonomics standards. Jim Williams has consistently delivered major contributions to HFES 200 and other standards activities for over
21、 15 years, and he continues to serve as editor of Part 3: Interaction Techniques. This document addresses a major area of human-computer interaction by providing hundreds of design recommendations for a wide range of interaction methods including: visual menus, command languages, direct manipulation
22、, user guidance, dialog boxes and forms, and others. HFES 200 developed documents in each of these topic areas, and each of these individual documents reflects a major effort in itself with scores of references and many committee reviews. Jim Williams has contributed enormously to the HFES 200 effor
23、t, as well as other HFES, ANSI, and ISO standards activities, by leading the development of the Interaction Techniques document originally developed in this committee and eventually established as the very first ISO standard in the area of Software Ergonomics and User Interfaces. Jim put in nothing
24、less than a heroic effort in conducting exhaustive literature research, documenting hundreds of supporting empirical studies and citations, and enduring endlessly grueling reviews both nationally and internationally for many, many years. He deserves an ultra-marathon medal! Greg Lowney played a key
25、role in the development of Software Accessibility design guidance. Gregs deep understanding of operating system, middleware, application, and device driver software combined with extensive knowledge of accessibility issues allowed him to make important technical contributions to the HFES 200 Softwar
26、e Accessibility design. Greg not only was a major contributor to the HFES 200 effort, but he also represented the U.S. in ISO TC159 SC4 activities, and he was a major force in harmonizing the contents of the ISO and U.S. Software Accessibility technical content. Gregs outstanding contributions led t
27、o the incorporation of crucial and invaluable technical detail in Software Accessibility design guidance. Eric Bergman pioneered a major new area of standards activity by writing the first HFES standards document specifically focused on Accessibility of Software User Interfaces. Eric compiled a wide
28、 range of results from research and other material to create a comprehensive set of design recommendations and requirements for Software Accessibility that ultimately became an ISO standard, and which continues to serve as the foundations for the current HFES 200 version. Shawn Henry contributed imp
29、ortant extensions and refinements to Software Accessibility before it was distributed for review by an ANSI Canvass Committee in 2000. Paul Reed served as editor for the comments received during the Canvass review. Due to procedural issues, Software Accessibility was unfortunately not approved as an
30、 ANSI standard in 2001. Copyright 20002008, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. All rights reserved. No portion of this document may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted by any means without prior written permission of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. 3 Daryle Gardner-Bonneau has also ex
31、panded HFES standards in a new direction by completing the specifications for HFES 200 Part 4: Voice Input/Output and Telephony. She worked with a sub-group of telecommunications professionals to derive design recommendations reflecting research results and best practices for IVR, and it is expected
32、 that this effort will be expanded in the future to address Voice Input/Output and Auditory Codes in the future. Arnie Lund addressed an important domain of user interface design by providing comprehensive design recommendations for Visual Presentation and Use of Color. An extensive and wide-ranging
33、 effort to review relevant literature on the use of color in user interface design resulted in highly innovative design guidance. Harry Blanchard is currently serving as the editor for this material and we plan to include this material in the next version of HFES 200 under the ANSI Canvass Method. B
34、eth Marshburn served as editor as this material was reviewed by the committee. Evelyn Williams provided major contributions with the initial versions of User Guidance (later completed by Jim Williams) and the complete Dialog Boxes and Forms sections of Part 3, and assiduously reviewed large quantiti
35、es of research that reflected the latest developments in the area. Pamela Jamar, Pat Billingsley, and Karen Rafnel provided a key contribution in the area of Menu Behavior and Appearance, and their work became an important element in ISO standards as well as being incorporated in the current version
36、 of HFES 200. Elizabeth Buie, with a keen instinct for linguistic rigor and meticulous precision, tackled the difficult challenge of creating a Glossary and Definitions section that spanned a very broad range of technical areas and perspectives. She aptly handled the difficult position of being in “
37、no mans land” while various section editors pleaded their case for having their definition version used. Her efforts resulted in an exhaustive and consistent set of terms across the broad expanse of material in HFES 200. Andrew Cohill and John Karat developed a Design Process specification that addr
38、essed a user-centered approach to interface design in the system development life cycle that served as a key influential contribution to ISO Software Ergonomics activities. John Karat also provided critical leadership for the HFES 200 Committee from 1987 through 1994 and ensured that efforts were ap
39、propriately focused contributions to key ISO standards activities. I would also like to acknowledge the extended and ongoing support of HFES Executive Director Lynn Strother; the Technical Standards Committee Chairs Claire Gordon, Bob Beaton, and Ken Holdaway; and the members of the HFES Executive C
40、ouncil over the years. Contributors to journal papers published about the HFES 200 Committee software ergonomics standards efforts include Elizabeth Buie, Daryle Gardner-Bonneau, James Carter, Jeff Fox, Ken Holdaway, Arnie Lund, Eric Bergman, Ken Holdaway, Scott Isensee, and Jim Williams. Copyright
41、20002008, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. All rights reserved. No portion of this document may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted by any means without prior written permission of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. 4 Copyright 20002008, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. All rights
42、 reserved. No portion of this document may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted by any means without prior written permission of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. 5 Current active members of the committee include Eric Bergman, Harry Blanchard, Elizabeth Buie, Daryle Gardner-Bonneau, James C
43、arter (with his uniquely Canadian perspective), Shawn Henry, Scott Isensee, Arnie Lund, Paul Reed, Evelyn Williams, and Jim Williams. For the past several years, Harry Blanchard has served as Cochair, Daryle Gardner-Bonneau has served as Secretary, and Evelyn Williams has served as Librarian. Previo
44、us members of the committee who provided important contributions to our standards document and activities include Gary Beck, Pat Billingsley, Andrew Cohill, Thom Foote-Lennox, Jeff Fox, Shawn Henry, Ken Holdaway, Pamela Jamar, John Karat, Beth Marshburn, Jackie Schrier, and Karen Rafnel. The challen
45、ging and diligent work completed by this committee has formed the basis for the content of the ISO Software Ergonomics standards today and, perhaps more importantly, established the importance of having a rigorous methodology for defining, prioritizing, and implementing software ergonomics standards
46、. It has been a tremendous privilege and honor, not to mention just a lot of plain fun, to work with such a talented, distinguished, and good-humored group of professionals, and it has been an outstanding opportunity for us all to contribute to the improvement of the quality of user experiences both
47、 nationally and internationally. With kindest regards, Paul Reed HFES 200 Chair (Preface Revised July 2009) ANSI/HFES 200 HUMAN FACTORS ENGINEERING OF SOFTWARE USER INTERFACES PART 1: INTRODUCTION Table of Contents 1 Introduction to the HFES 200 Project 8 2 Scope of HFES 200 9 3 Organization of HFES
48、 200 9 3.1 Recommendations Clause.10 3.2 Informative Annex A: Sample Procedure for Assessing Compliance and Adherence.10 3.3 HFES 200.2: Accessibility10 3.4 HFES 200.3: Interaction Techniques 11 3.5 HFES 200.4: Interactive Voice Response.12 3.6 HFES 200.5: Visual Presentation and Use of Color 12 4 A
49、pplication of HFES 200 in Analysis, Design and Evaluation. 12 4.1 Introduction to the Use of HFES 200 Design Recommendations .12 4.2 Audience of HFES 200 .13 4.3 Analysis .13 4.4 Design14 4.5 Evaluation14 4.6 Claims of Conformance .14 Copyright 20002008, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. All rights reserved. No portion of this document may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted by any means without prior written permission of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. HFES 200.1 7 1 Introduction to the HFES 200 Project The Human Factors and Ergonomics Society und
