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5、.m. Pacific time. Contents List of Tables List of Figures Preface 1. Introduction /1 1.1 Scope /1 1.2 Background /1 1.3 Defining the Design Problem /1 1.4 Who Are the Users? /2 1.5 Using Anthropometric Databases /2 1.6 Case Selection /3 1.7 Information Distillation /3 1.8 Guidelines Contents /4 2. S
6、tatement of the Design Problem /5 2.1 Constraints on Design /5 2.2 Fit as an Ergonomic Goal /6 2.3 Translating Ergonomic Concepts of Fit to Critical Design Dimensions /7 2.4 Task Analysis /10 2.5 Fit as Related to Workstation Design /11 2.6 Selection of Relevant Dimensions /12 References /13 3. Defi
7、ning the Target Population /14 3.1 Marketing Strategy /14 3.2 Demography of the Intended Market /14 3.3 Application of Demographic Data in the Design Process /15 3.4 Defining the Target Population /15 3.5 Population Subgroups with Unique Physical Characteristics /16 3.6 Verifying that the Design Fit
8、s the Intended Population /17 References /17 4. Anthropometric Databases /20 4.1 What Is an Anthropometric Database? /20 4.2 Identifying Relevant Body Dimensions in an Anthropometric Database /20 4.3 Deriving Relevant Body Dimensions from an Existing Database /21 4.4 Estimating Relevant Body Dimensi
9、ons Using Statistical Models /24 4.5 Weighting Database Subjects to Match Target Population Demographics /24 4.6 Propagation of Error /25 4.7 Collecting New Anthropometric Data /25 4.8 Clothing Allowances /26 References /27 5. Representing Body Size Variability Using Cases /29 5.1 Definition of Case
10、s /29 5.2 Central Cases /31 5.2.1 Advantages of Central Cases /31 5.2.2. Limitations of Central Cases /32 5.3 Boundary Cases /33 5.3.1 Advantages of Boundary Cases /35 5.3.2 Limitations of Boundary Cases /35 5.4 Distributed Cases /38 5.4.1 Advantages of Distributed Cases /39 5.4.2 Limitations of Dis
11、tributed Cases /39 5.5 Selecting Cases /39 References /41 6. Transitioning Cases to Products /43 6.1 Using Cases in Design and Evaluation /43 6.2 Real People Representing Cases /44 6.3 Computer Models Representing Cases /45 6.4 Physical Forms Representing Cases /45 6.5 Mathematical Constructs Repres
12、enting Cases /46 6.6 Summary /46 References /46 7. Anthropometry in Design: Examples and Summary /47 7.1 Example 1: Keyboard Height for a Standing Workstation /47 7.1.1 Statement of the Design Problem /48 7.1.2 Defining the Target Population /48 7.1.3 Selecting an Anthropometric Database /49 7.1.4 C
13、ase Selection /50 7.1.5 Transitioning Cases to Product /51 7.1.6 Product Testing and Validation /51 7.1.7 Discussion /52 7.2 Example 2: Fire Retardant Gloves /53 7.2.1 Statement of the Design Problem /53 7.2.2 Defining the Target Population /54 7.2.3 Selecting an Anthropometric Database /54 7.2.4 Ca
14、se Selection /54 7.2.5 Transitioning Cases to Product /56 7.2.6 Product Testing and Validation /57 7.2.7 Discussion /58 7.3 Example 3: Workstation Seating /58 7.3.1 Statement of the Design Problem /58 7.3.2 Defining the Target Population /59 7.3.3 Selecting an Anthropometric Database /59 7.3.4 Case
15、Selection /60 7.3.5 Transitioning Cases to Product /63 7.3.6 Product Testing and Validation /63 7.3.7 Discussion /63 7.4 Summary /64 References /65 Appendix A. Glossary /67 Appendix B. Bibliography of Related Publications /71 List of Tables 1. Stages of the ergonomics design process by chapter /4 2.
16、 Correspondence between affordance criteria and body dimensions for an order-entry workstation /13 3. Chapter 7 examples and their contents /47 4. Comparison: military and civilian stature (height) distributions, NHANES III and ANSUR databases /49 5. Principal components analysis of six seating desi
17、gn dimensions /61 List of Figures 1. The information distillation process /4 2. Popliteal height (in mm) /9 3. Two ways to measure upper arm length /21 4. Deriving design variables /22 5. Some critical body dimensions for a seated workstation /23 6. Case as a single point in 2-D space /29 7. Case as
18、 a point along the distribution of a single body dimension /30 8. The average shape is different for all the subjects /32 9. A 90% boundary ellipse (data in mm) /34 10. Diminishing accommodation with each subsequent variable /37 11. Decision tree for case selection methods /40 12. Direct and derived
19、 measurements of elbow rest height, standing /48 13. Distribution of the derived dimension, elbow rest height, standing (in mm) /51 14. Male and female distributions of hip breadth, sitting /52 15. Some hand dimensions for glove design /54 16. Hand size distributions of army men and women /55 17. Ca
20、se selection for a five-size design /56 18. Case distribution for dress-skirt sizing (adapted from Robinette et al., 1990) /58 19. Some body dimensions useful in seating design /59 20 Ninety-percent ellipses comparing military and civilian males /60 21. A 90% ellipsoid capturing variation in three p
21、rincipal components /62 22. Joint sex ellipsoids may not capture individual sex boundaries /64 Guidelines for Using Anthropometric Data in Product Design HFES 300 Committee Final version submitted by: Marvin Dainoff Claire Gordon Kathlen Robinete Mark Straus Submitted: November 2003Preface The Human
22、 Factors and Ergonomics Society formed the ANSI/HFES 300 “Anthropometry and Biomechanics” Committee in 1996. The committees founding charge was to author an American standard for the application of anthropometric data to ergonomic design. The 300 Committees inception coincided with revision of the A
23、NSI 100 standard, “Human Factors Engineering of Visual Display Terminal Workstations”, in order, among other things, to provide a foundation for statistical techniques used in the 100 standard. Over the course of development of this document, it was decided that publishing it as a HFES Best Practice
24、s publication would be more appropriate. Chaired by Robin Herron from 1996-1998, by Claire C. Gordon from 1999-2002, and by Mark Strauss in 2003, the Committee at various times included Tom Albin, Marvin Dainoff, Claire Gordon, Robin Herron, Hongzheng “Cindy” Lu, Kristie Nemeth, Kathleen Robinette,
25、and Mark Strauss. This diverse and talented committee often discussed the technical level at which the document should be targeted, given the complexity of the ergonomic design process and the relative novelty of statistical approaches required. After much discussion, the committee concluded that th
26、ere was so little published regarding the role and proper integration of sophisticated anthropometric methods within an ergonomic design framework that the initial target audience for this Best Practices document should be ourselves professional ergonomists, engineers, and statisticians who apply an
27、thropometry to product development. The decision to target a professional audience permitted the committee to address perceived knowledge gaps within our community and to produce a document that hopefully provokes both scientific discussion and greater application of anthropometric methods in produc
28、t design. However, as most consumer products are neither designed nor tested by professional ergonomists, this document includes extensive examples, a glossary, and a bibliography for further reading. In addition to the perseverance of the committee members, a number of people and institutions contr
29、ibuted directly and indirectly to the production of this document. Both Robert Beaton and Lynn Strother were instrumental in establishing and supporting the Committee. Marvin Dainoff served as the Committees secretary throughout, recording and organizing meeting minutes and keeping copies of early d
30、rafts. The University of Illinois (thanks to Mark Strauss) provided server space and software guidance for electronic archiving and exchange of drafts among committee members. The U.S. Air Force (thanks to Kathleen Robinette) and Lucent Technologies (thanks to Hongzheng Lu) provided telephone confer
31、encing facilities that permitted the committee to conduct many “meetings” at no cost to the Society. The U.S. Army (thanks to Claire Gordon) provided access to a professional editor, Marcia Lightbody, whose unique talents and extensive background in technical editing have substantially improved the
32、clarity and readability our work. Respected members of HFES acted as reviewers and whose efforts enhanced the final product. 1. Introduction An important purpose of all persons working in ergonomics is to design tools, workplaces and environments so that humans can function most effectively. In othe
33、r words, we want to optimize human performance and well-being by achieving the best possible fit between the human operator, the equipmenthardware and software, and the working environmentphysical and psychosocial. This fit is often referred to as “the human-machine interface.“ Anthropometry plays a
34、 major role in achieving thi s goal because variations in body shape and size affect the manner by people perform tasks, how efficiently the tasks are performed as well as the safety of the worker. Thus, anthropometry has an important influence on whether the human-machine interface is a good one. 1
35、.1 Scope This document is intended to aid the user in selecting, developing and applying anthropometric information for workstation and other product design, based on current scientific knowledge and best practices in ergonomics and human factors. The document is for anyone who is interested in usin
36、g, or understanding the basis for using, anthropometry in design. The results should be workstations and other products that better fit their intended users. 1.2 Background The breadth of opportunities for anthropometry to improve the human-machine interface is remarkably wide-including industrial e
37、quipment, clothing and furniture, surgical tools, farm implements, aircraft controls, and virtually every item in the environment with which humans interact. Over the years, engineers, designers, architects and others who design products have increasingly recognized the need for body measurement dat
38、a on the users of their creations. 1.3 Defining the Design Problem Of course, the type of anthropometric data required varies greatly from one product to another. The fit of a bathrobe, for example, can be quite loose and still serve its intended purpose. However a respirator for protection against
39、breathing toxic fumes must conform closely to the geometry of the face in order to maintain adequate contact and prevent leakage. In the case of the bathrobe, data on the intended users height and a few body girth measurements may be all the information needed to ensure adequate body coverage for a
40、good interface. However, for the users of the respirators, it may be necessary to obtain detailed measurements of individual facial geometry to ensure a satisfactory fit. Thus, the function of a product not only influences our definition of “fit”, but also determines what anthropometric information
41、is needed to ensure an effective user-product interface. Defining the design problem, including the concepts of fit and relevant body dimensions, is a critical first step in any ergonomic application of anthropometry in t he 2 / HFES 300 design process, and one that may call for considerable insight
42、 and analytical skill. This part of the ergonomic design process is taken up in Chapter 2 of these guidelines, Statement of the Design Problem. 1.4 Who Are the Users? Another critical, but often overlooked, step in the ergonomic design process is determining “who” the products intended users are. In
43、 this document, we will be referring to a products intended users as the “target audience” or “target population”. Target audiences can vary dramatically in their age, sex, racial/ethnic composition, and physical health characteristics, depending upon a products function and the manufacturers market
44、ing strategy. All of these demographic and health -related factors influence the users body size distributions, thus it is important to know as much as possible about the target audience in advance. One would not, for example, find anthropometric data on men useful in the design of jogging bras for
45、women. By the same token, standard anthropometric data may be virtually useless in the design of living spaces for those who use wheelchairs. Apart from product function, marketing strategies can also influence target audiences and their body size distributions. A manufacturer may choose to fit only
46、 “tall” men, or “petite” women. Sometimes a particular design is intended for sale only in a particular country or geographical region as is the case with many automobiles. Other products may have worldwide sales at the foundation of their marketing plan , and their designers need to consider worldw
47、ide anthropometric distributions. Failure of designers to consider the differences in body size distributions in fitting products to different target audiences is likely to be costly in terms of customer satisfaction, in sales, and production efficiency. The steps needed to define a products target
48、audience are thus discussed in Chapter 3, Defining the Target Population. 1.5 Using Anthropometric Databases Once we know the design problem, its relevant body dimensions, and the target audience, a truly difficult third step faces the designer: identification of an appropriate anthropometric databa
49、se. By anthropometric database, we mean a set of body dimensions measured on a sample of people. As discussed above, the ergonomic design process requires body dimensions relevant to the designs function and fit concept. However, these dimensions will only be helpful if they are measured on a sample that represents the body size variation to be expected in the target audience. It is a rare case indeed when a product designer can afford to measure exactly the dimensions needed on
