1、 ANSI/HPS N13.36-2001 American National Standard Ionizing Radiation Safety Training for Workers Approved: October 30, 2001 Reaffirmed: July 19, 2011American National Standards Institute, Inc. i Published by Health Physics Society 1313 Dolley Madison Blvd. Suite 402 McLean, VA 22101 Copyright 2002 by
2、 the Health Physics Society All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America ii Abstract This standard establishes minimum require
3、ments and provides recommendations and guidelines for the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation of ionizing radiation safety training for workers. Target audience, responsibilities, training topics, and instructor qualifications are presented. Training program performance req
4、uirements are provided, as well as guidance, to assure that the objectives of this standard are met. Foreword This standard specifies the process for developing and implementing radiation safety training using performance-based concepts. Radiation safety training includes radiological safety policie
5、s, fundamental radiological controls, and the technical functions of specific facilities, but may vary significantly from site to site depending on the requirements and potential risks associated with the work involved. Who will benefit All individuals who may be occupationally exposed to radioactiv
6、e materials or other radiation sources shall have radiation safety training prior to or concurrent with their work assignment. Individuals who do not have radiation safety training shall work under the supervision of a qualified worker. About this version The emphasis in this version of the standard
7、 is on the development of radiation safety training using the performance-based concepts outlined in Section 7.0. Performance-based training focuses on the instruction and practices required to develop job-related knowledge, skills, and abilities, rather than on the prescriptive content of training.
8、 The Health Physics Society Standards Committee (HPSSC) Working Group recommends this type of training, as opposed to a broad training program with specific performance objectives, because of the diversity of radiological workers and concern that knowledge-based training may be misapplied. The group
9、 also prefers that the scope and depth of training be based on the hazards and magnitude of the risk that the hazard poses and that passing scores be based on goals and the characteristics of test questions. Where passing scores are established (e.g., multiple choice exams), these should be based on
10、 an analysis of the test questions. Important: This standard does not replace regulatory or contractual requirements for training that may establish minimum objectives, topics, class duration, and passing scores. It also does not address any radiation safety training received as part of an academic
11、program of study. Such individuals will still require site-specific training and on-the job training for certain tasks. iii The Health Physics Society Standards Committee Working Group responsible for the development of this standard had the following members: Paula Trinoskey, CHP, RRPT, Chairman La
12、wrence Livermore National Laboratory Gearld Cheek, Ph.D University of Tennessee Philip Hamrick, Ph.D, CHP National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Robert Irwin, B.Sc., B.Ed Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission Paul Knapp, CHP U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Joseph Sears, RRPT First Energ
13、y Corporation Gregory Steiner, RRPT Niagara Mohawk Power The Working Group wishes to acknowledge the State Radiation Control Program Directors and the Campus Radiation Safety Officers for reviewing and providing comments to this standard. iv This standard was consensus balloted and approved by the A
14、NSI-Accredited HPS N13 Committee on August 19, 1999. At the time of balloting, the HPS N13 Committee had the following membership: Chairperson Joseph RingAmerican Chemical Society Al Zirkes American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Bryce Breitenstein American Industrial Hygiene Ass
15、ociation Bruce Zaczynski American Iron and Steel Institute Anthony LaMastra Peter Hernandez (alt.) American Mining Congress Scott Munson American Nuclear Insurers Jerre Forbes American Nuclear Society Nolan Hertel Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors Roland Fletcher Council on Ionizing
16、Radiation Measurements and Standards Jileen Shobe Chris Soares (alt.) Health Physics Society George Campbell Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Lou Costrell Institute of Nuclear Materials Management Kenneth Okolowitz International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Will Paul Manuel Mede
17、ros (alt.) National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements James Spahn Nuclear Energy Institute Ralph Andersen Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International Union Dean Alexander Richard Hillier(alt.) U.S. Department of Commerce Lester Slaback, Jr. Timothy Mengers (alt.) U.S. Department of
18、 Energy Robert Loesch Joel Rabovsky (alt.) U.S. Department of Defense John Esterl Pat Keller (alt.) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Frank Marcinowski Mike Boyd (alt.) U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Donald Cool U.S. Navy Paul Blake Karl Mendenhall (alt.) U.S. Public Health Service Edward Tur
19、pin Individual John Auxier Individual Ronald Kathren Individual Edward Reitler, Jr. Individual L. Max Scott Individual Kenneth Swinth Individual Al Tschaeche Individual McDonald Wrenn v Table of Contents 1. Purpose and Scope 1 1.1 Purpose 1 1.2 Scope 1 1.2.1 Workers 1 1.2.2 Management and Supervisor
20、y Personnel 1 1.2.3 Short-Term Workers . 1 1.2.4 Students . 1 1.2.5 Emergency Personnel 1 1.2.6. Visitors. 2 1.2.7. Casual Visitors. 2 2. Definitions 2 2.1 Specific Terms 2 2.2 Shall, Should, May 5 3. Responsibility for Training 5 3.1 Management. 5 3.2 Radiation Safety Organization 5 3.3 Training Or
21、ganization . 5 3.4 Trainee 6 4. Training Program Elements . 6 4.1 Basic Training. 6 4.2 Continuing Training. 6 4.2.1 Refresher Training. 6 4.2.2. Requalification. 6 4.3 Deferments/Exemptions . 7 4.3.1 Deferment 7 4.3.2 Exemption 7 5. Radiation Safety Training Topics. 7 5.1 Basic Radiation Theory and
22、 Fundamentals . 7 5.2 Sources of Ionizing Radiation. 8 5.3 Biological Effects and Risks of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation . 8 5.4 Radiation Protection Standards 8 5.5 Controlling Radiation Dose. 8 5.6 Radiation/Contamination Monitoring 8 5.7 Responsibilities for Radiation Protection 9 5.8 Recent Exp
23、eriences and Lessons Learned 9 5.9 Emergency Response 9 6. Non-Radiological Hazards/Risks . 9 7. Performance-Based Training . 9 7.1 Goal 9 7.1.1 Cost Effectiveness. 9 7.1.2. Training Effectiveness . 10 7.2 Training System Development . 10 7.2.2. Analysis Phase 10 vi 8. Instructor Qualifications 13 8
24、.1 Instructional Qualifications . 13 8.2 Technical Qualifications 14 8.3 Exemptions for Instructors 14 8.3.1. Incumbents . 14 8.3.2. Instructor Qualification in Progress . 14 8.3.3. Guest Lecturers. 14 8.4 Continuing Training for Instructors . 14 9. Training Records 15 9.1 Course Documentation. 15 9
25、.2 Trainee Records . 15 9.3 Record Retention 15 10. Supporting References 15 A. 1 Instructor Qualification and Educational Equivalents. 17 1 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/HPS N13.36-2001 Ionizing Radiation Safety Training for Workers 1. Purpose and Scope 1.1 Purpose This standard specifies a proce
26、ss and criteria for developing and implementing radiation safety training. It does not address training for non-radiological hazards. For the purpose of this document, the term “radiation“ refers to ionizing radiation. 1.2 Scope This standard is intended to be used by personnel who develop, revise,
27、implement, or provide oversight of radiation safety training for the individuals described below. It does not apply to radiation safety specialists, professionals, or technicians who are covered by other existing regulations or standards. 1.2.1 Workers 1.2.1.1 Radiological Worker (100 mrem/y) - This
28、 standard shall apply to radiological workers who receive in one year an occupational effective dose equivalent in excess of 100 mrem (1 mSv). Additionally, this standard shall apply to workers whose dose would likely exceed the values specified above if they have not had the proper training (“likel
29、y to receive“ is considered to include normal and abnormal situations; it does not include accidents or emergencies). 1.2.1.2 Radiological Worker (100 mrem/y) - This standard should apply to radiological workers who in one year are not likely to receive an occupational effective dose equivalent in e
30、xcess of 100 mrem (1 mSv). (NOTE: The Training Program for these workers may be less formal.) 1.2.1.3 Non-Radiological Worker - This standard may apply to clerks, secretaries, janitors, nurses, and other workers who do not routinely work with or in the proximity of radiation-generating devices or ra
31、dioactive materials, but whose duties occasionally may require them to enter areas where an occupational dose is possible. These workers, as a minimum, should receive radiation safety training that familiarizes them with radiation sources, radiation warning signs and alarms, risks in perspective to
32、potential dose, and the appropriate methods for minimizing radiation dose. 1.2.2 Management and Supervisory Personnel - In some cases, managers, staff members, technical support personnel, and supervisors are classified as radiological workers and should complete, as a minimum, radiation safety trai
33、ning. Supervisors should receive, as a minimum, the same level of training as the workers they supervise in order to assess their performance. 1.2.3 Short-Term Workers Persons such as contractors, laborers, maintenance workers, craftsmen, technicians, security personnel, etc. who work in facilities
34、for only a short time (e.g., less than one month), may perform tasks involving significant radiological risks. These workers shall receive training commensurate with the risks identified for the job similar to the training provided to regular workers. (NOTE: A review of a contract workers prior trai
35、ning records may be helpful in determining training needs. On the other hand, continuous and direct supervision of these workers by a qualified escort should permit a reduction in training requirements.) 1.2.4 Students - Students engaged in activities where an occupational dose is possible shall be
36、provided the same training as regular, full-time employees working under similar conditions. 1.2.5 Emergency Personnel - Fire, police, security, and medical personnel may be regular employees, contractor personnel, or visitors from a nearby location. These individuals shall receive sufficient radiat
37、ion safety training to permit informed judgments in emergency situations. Training for emergency response personnel should be developed based on an analysis of the tasks involved, as described in Section 7.2.2 (Analysis Phase). ANSI/HPS N13.36-2001 2 1.2.6 Visitors - This standard shall apply to vis
38、itors whose cumulative effective dose equivalent during a visit, or from anticipated and subsequent visits in the current year, may be greater than 100 mrem (1 mSv). This standard may apply to visitors whose dose is expected to be less than the value stated above but who could potentially receive a
39、measurable dose from ionizing radiation. These individuals (as a minimum) should receive radiation safety training that familiarizes them with radiation sources, radiation warning signs and alarms, risks in perspective to potential dose, and appropriate methods of minimizing radiation dose. 1.2.7 Ca
40、sual Visitors - Visitors who are not expected to receive any significant dose from ionizing radiation during the visit do not need the training covered in Section 1.2.6. However, they should be under the supervision of a qualified escort at all times while in areas controlled for radiological safety
41、 purposes. Additionally, visitors should be instructed about their responsibilities while under escort. 2. Definitions This section contains terms and definitions used in this document. 2.1 Specific Terms ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable): A principle of radiation safety that states that in re
42、lation to any particular source within a practice, the magnitude of individual doses, the number of people exposed, and the likelihood of incurring exposures where these are not certain to be received should all be kept as low as reasonably achievable with economic and social factors being taken int
43、o account. American Board of Health Physics (ABHP): A nationally recognized organization that promotes technical competence in radiation safety at the professional level. Certification is granted upon review of an individuals work experience and through comprehensive examinations. American Board of
44、Medical Physics (ABMP): A nationally recognized organization that provides certification in medical radiation protection. Certification is granted upon review of an individuals education and work experience and through comprehensive examinations. American Board of Radiology (ABR): A nationally recog
45、nized organization that provides certification in medical radiological physics. Certification is granted upon review of an individuals education and work experience and through comprehensive examinations. Analysis Phase: A step in the performance-based training process that involves a needs analysis
46、 to determine if there is a need to develop training. The methods and associated knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) required for performing tasks properly are also identified. Continuing Training: An ongoing process of training to maintain and enhance the ability of qualified radiological worke
47、rs to perform assignments and to ensure facility safety and reliability. Declared Pregnant Worker: A woman who has voluntarily declared to her employer, in writing, her pregnancy for the purpose of being subject to the occupational dose limits to the embryo/fetus. Deferment: Postponement of a radiat
48、ion safety training requirement. Design Phase: A step in the performance-based training process that employs training needs, selected training tasks, and KSAs to produce specifications for the development, implementation, and evaluation of training programs. Development Phase: A step in the performa
49、nce-based training process that incorporates performance measures, training-setting decisions, learning objectives, content and evaluation instruments to develop training programs and associated materials. Effective Dose: The sum of the products of the equivalent dose to the organ or tissue and the weighting factors applicable to each of the body organs or tissues that are irradiated. Escort (qualified): An individual (e.g., tour leader, work supervisor, principle investigator, etc.) who shall have appropriate training and qualification in radiation safety and be instructed in their
