1、 American National Standard ANSI/HPS N13.53-2009 (R2016) Control and Release of Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (TENORM) Approved 31 August 2009 Reaffirmed 24 August 2016 American National Standards Institute, Inc. ii Published by Health Physics Society 1313 Dolley
2、Madison Blvd. Suite 402 McLean, VA 22101 Copyright 2016 by the Health Physics Society. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of Am
3、erica ANSI/HPS N13.53-2009 (R2016) iii The ASC N13 Working Group responsible for the current revision wishes to acknowledge the members of the previous working groups, whose work we are continuing, and without whose efforts the current standard would not exist. The current working group had the foll
4、owing members1: Jean-Claude Dehmel, Chair U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Lewis Cook (Ret.) for ChevronTexaco, Chevron Research, and American Petroleum Institute Philip Egidi Colorado Department of Public Health Late Capt. Floyd Galpin* U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Rogers processing o
5、f ore materials, gangue, and wastes; feedstock used in manufacturing consumer and industrial products; and distribution of products containing TENORM. The standard does not apply to common activities, such as tilling or plowing for agricultural purposes and preparation and grading of sites for const
6、ruction. This standard is concerned with practices and operations that might concentrate and relocate radioactivity or make radioactivity more accessible such that members of the public may receive doses that would warrant the application of appropriate protective measures and corrective actions. Th
7、e introduction of TENORM in products with no beneficial attributes is not approved by this standard. Other recommendations suggest that preventive measures, such as engineered safety systems or operational procedures, be implemented to safely manage TENORM in achieving the same objective. Finally, t
8、he control of occupational exposures associated with TENORM is covered by the standard, although this aspect may already be addressed through requirements of industrial hygiene standards under current federal and state regulations. Work on this standard started in late 1993 and the ANSI PIN review a
9、nd approval were completed in May 1994. The first working draft of the standard was prepared in July 1995. The first working draft of the standard was submitted to the HPSSC in June 1998 and the results of the balloting were issued in November 1998. The second draft of the standard was issued in Mar
10、ch 1999 and submitted to the HPSSC in June 1999. The third version of standard was issued in January 2000 following resolution of HPSSC comments. In June 2000, the HPS issued the results of the N13 Committee balloting, with the fourth draft (January 2001) addressing the comments generated by the N13
11、 Committee. As a result, an updated draft (Rev. 5.1, January 2002) was prepared in response to the Working Groups concerns that the revision introduced a number of substantive changes in accommodating the N13 Committees comments. The April 2002 update addressed editorial changes to Section 2.0; for
12、instance, a table (Table 2-2) was deleted and its criteria were incorporated into the text instead. The final version (May 2005) incorporated comments generated from the second ballot of the N13 Committee. The N13 Committee requested that a few technical clarifications and editorial corrections be i
13、ncorporated before publication. As incorporated in the 2007 version, the changes did not result in any substantive alterations because the criteria remain the same. The standard was submitted to ANSI for public comment in October 2006. No public comments were submitted to ANSI. In August 2008, the s
14、tandard was submitted to another N13 Committee ballot. Specific comments generated during this ballot were incorporated in the current version of the standard. Suggestions addressing the improvement of this standard are welcome. Suggestions should be sent to: Health Physics Society, 1313 Dolley Madi
15、son Blvd., Suite 402, McLean, VA 22101. Key Words: Naturally occurring radioactivity, radiation safety, technologically enhanced radioactivity, national standard, administrative release level, NORM, TENORM, recycling, reuse, radiation exposure, and dose criteria. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/HPS
16、N13.53-2009 1 Control and Release of Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (TENORM) 1.0 Purpose and Scope 1.1 Purpose This standard specifies dose limits and release criteria for the management of material, products, and waste containing technologically enhanced naturally
17、 occurring radioactive material (TENORM), namely uranium and thorium. TENORM is used to differentiate radioactivity present in some materials and processes from NORM contained in nearly all materials of mineral origins. The radioactivity in TENORM is due to a few predominant radionuclides associated
18、 with two radioactive decay series, namely uranium-238 (238U) consisting of thorium-234m (234mTh), protac-tinium-234m (234mPa), 230Th, radium-226 (226Ra), radon-222 (222Rn), lead-210 (210Pb), and polonium-210 (210Po); and the 232Th series consisting of 228Ra, 228Th,224Ra, and 220Rn. In some situatio
19、ns, the actinium decay series, starting with 235U, may need to be considered as well, especially if 238U concentrations are elevated even at natural isotopic abundances. The major decay products of 235U include 231Th, 231Pa, actinium-227 (227Ac), 227Th, 223Ra, and 219Rn. The isotopic distribution of
20、 natural uranium is given as 48.9% for 238U, 48.9% for 234U, and 2.2% for 235U, in terms of activity. Potassium-40 (40K) is also included because in some instances it may be isotopically enriched. Annex A presents the radioactive decay schemes for the uranium and thorium series and potassium. In def
21、ining the objective of this standard, it should be recognized that the demarcation between NORM and TERNORM is not always well delineated; often, an industry using or receiving materials may not be capable of distinguishing materials that are TENORM, or even materials that may be subject to existing
22、 federal or state regulations. Given that it is not possible to catalog a priori all situations involving the use of TENORM, the standard provides a common theme and information with which to recognize practices that may result in unnecessary radiation exposures to workers and the public and possibl
23、y have an impact on the environment. In considering a specific practice, the information provided in this standard should be used to seek technical and regulatory advice from qualified regulatory agencies or experts in the appropriate disciplines. In this context, the standard recommends that indust
24、ries routinely monitor rule-making activities as emerging issues involving TENORM are addressed by federal or state agencies. Finally, the standard may be adopted by industries and organizations as guidance in foreign countries where there are no TENORM regulations or guidelines. The criteria are co
25、ntained in Section 2.0, and Annex B presents the basis for the recom-mended criteria. Also, the standard offers further guidance to facilitate its implementation. Annex C presents background information for recognizing and evaluating practices that may have potential impacts on the public, workers,
26、and the environment. Annex D describes various options for managing TENORM and also includes supporting technical information. The guidance presented in Annexes C and D is informative and not part of the requirements or criteria presented in Section 2.0. Annex E presents normative and informative re
27、ferences cited throughout the standard. 1.2 Scope The standard applies to practices that use, process, recycle or reuse, and distribute TENORM, including the generation and disposal of wastes that may result in making radioactivity more accessible to humans or the environment. Among others, practice
28、s of specific concern to this standard include home building using materials obtained from mining and mineral extraction spoils, overburden, and wastes or building homes on sites containing extraction spoils, overburden, aggregates, and wastes from mineral mining and oil and gas extraction. The quar
29、rying of gravel and sand and their use as aggregates in construction material, such as cement, are excluded from this standard, but other materials with known elevated levels of NORM, such as some minerals, aggregates used in building construction, mining overburden and spoils, and sands, are covere
30、d by this standard. The standard applies to consumer and industrial products that are known to contain TENORM. The intentional introduction of TENORM into products or materials with no benefit to their ANSI/HPS N13.53-2009 2 properties or functions is not approved by this standard. Regarding recycli
31、ng, the standard does not approve practices whose only purpose is to dilute TENORM in a manner that constitutes disposal or processes leading to that intent. This standard does not apply to NORM present in natural soils, rocks, and materials involving human activities that are generally regarded as
32、common practices. Among others, such practices include materials used in scientific and research studies; engineering studies and applications; soil and geological samples used in site or material characterizations, research, and engineering studies; farming, including tilling and plowing; site grad
33、ing; grave digging; and trenching or similar types of excavation or earth work. The cultivation, distribution, and consumption of agricultural crops and foodstuffs that are known to contain NORM are not covered by this standard because such practices do not involve technological enhancement by defin
34、ition. However, this exclusion does not apply to foodstuffs grown in TENORM whether as a product, waste, aggregate, or mixed with soils. In the absence of regulatory requirements or guidance, the standard does not apply to industrial settings or activities involving the use of materials or products
35、containing TENORM as long as such materials and products are used in their intended form and function and workers are provided a standard of care under Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) or Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) regulations or other applicable regulatory prov
36、isions. This exclusion applies insofar as it shall be demonstrated that such practices and the associated standard of care for worker safety rendered under OSHA or MSHA regulations would result in a level of protection that is equivalent to this standard. In considering the voluntary implementation
37、of a TENORM management program, an acceptable approach may involve identifying relevant protective requirements for regulated materials (e.g., uranium and thorium under the Atomic Energy Act (AEA), since radiation exposures and doses associated with TENORM are the same as those arising from other ty
38、pes of radioactive materials. Accordingly, it follows that radiation protection principles promulgated by existing federal or state regulatory programs for radioactive materials of other origins may be applied to TENORM as templates in developing safety programs, operating plans, and proce-dures for
39、 specific practices. Finally, other options, as possible long-term alternatives, may be to consider the use of materials with lower levels of TENORM or research leading to the use of substitute materials that are essentially free of NORM or have NORM at levels not likely to result in doses in excess
40、 of the provisions of this standard. This standard may provide suitable guidance to federal or state agencies overseeing remediation projects where TENORM is the contaminant of concern, depending on the ownership and regulatory status of the property. For example, a federal or state agency might fin
41、d the provisions of this standard protective and adopt it by reference. Other federal agencies, such as the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), oversee other radiation cleanups involving TENORM or contaminants similar to TENORM (e.g., regulated source ma
42、terial). Accordingly, this standard offers relevant guidance over a broad range of practices and remediation projects involving TENORM. Finally, the standard does not address issues associated with the linear, no threshold radiation dose response hypothesis; they are being addressed by radiation sta
43、ndard-setting organi-zations and regulatory agencies. However, its use is acknowledged because it represents a prudent approach in protecting workers and the public health until more definitive scientific information becomes available and an alternative hypothesis is proposed and adopted by regulato
44、ry agencies. 1.3 Definitions The following definitions are provided for the purpose of facilitating the interpretation and implementation of the standard. Administrative release: The act of removing items or material from administrative controls with no further radiological restrictions on their use
45、 or disposition. This definition is used to differentiate it from “clearance” or “unrestricted release,” which relates to the release of material or items that are under the jurisdiction of a ANSI/HPS N13.53-2009 3 regulatory authority or regulatory controls for licensed radioactive materials. ALARA
46、: As Low As is Reasonably Achievable. In radiation protection philosophy, ALARA means making every reasonable effort to maintain exposures to radiation as far below dose limits as is practical consistent with the purpose of the practice, taking into account the state of technology, the economics of
47、improvements in relation to the technology, the economics of improvements in relation to benefits to public health and safety, and other societal and socioeconomic considerations (see Radiation protection philosophy). Background radiation: The radiation associated with the presence of naturally occu
48、rring radioactivity present in the environment (e.g., soil, water, air, vegetation, and foodstuffs), cosmogenic radionuclides, and radioactivity from weapons fallout. Background radioactivity includes radionuclides from the 238U, 235U, and 232Th decay series, 40K and 87Rb, those due to weapons fallo
49、ut, and cosmogenic radionuclides. Weapons fallout includes the ubiquitous distribution of 3H, 90Sr, 137Cs, 241Am, and 239/240/241Pu. Cosmogenic radionuclides, produced by the interaction of cosmic radiation with atoms present in the atmosphere, include 3H, 14C, 7Be, and 22Na. As a component of ambient background, cosmic radiation includes primarily high-energy muons and electrons produced by the interactions of charged particles (mainly protons) with the Earths atmosphere. Naturally occurring radioactive material that has been technologically enhanced is not cons
