1、 American National Standard ANSI/HPS N13.56-2012 Sampling and Monitoring Releases of Airborne Radioactivity in the Workplace Approved: October 22, 2012 American National Standards Institute, Inc. Published by Health Physics Society 1313 Dolley Madison Blvd. Suite 402 McLean, VA 22101 Copyright 2012
2、by the Health Physics Society. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America ANSI/HPS N13.56-2012 iii The ANSI/HPS N13.56 Worki
3、ng Group responsible for the development of this standard had the following members: Jeffrey J. Whicker, Co-Chair Los Alamos National Laboratory Mark D. Hoover, Co-Chair National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Brent Blunt Savannah River Site A
4、lan Justus Argonne National Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory Dennis Hadlock Savannah River Site Johnafred M. Thomas Y-12 National Security Complex James T. (Tom) Voss Los Alamos National Laboratory Robert Kellner Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant The current working group gratefully ac
5、knowledges the valuable contributions from past working group members: Eva Eckert-Hickey (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory) Curtis Graham*, Former Writing Group Chair (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory) Willie Harris (Limeric Generating Station) Steven A. McGuire (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory C
6、ommission) Wilbur Nees (Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory) This standard was interactively reviewed by a second group. Individuals who reviewed and commented on the standard are: F. Morgan Cox (Consultant) George J. Newton* (Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute) Daniel S. Ma
7、ntooth (Fluor Hanford) *The Working Group recognizes the contributions of Curtis Graham and George Newton, who passed away before this standard was completed. iv Oversight for development of this standard was provided by the N13 Administrative Committee, which had the following members: Chair: Tracy
8、 A. Ikenberry Vice-Chair: Michelle L. Johnson Secretary/Standards Coordinator: Nancy Johnson Medical and Operational Health Physics Section Manager: Robert Forrest* Environmental Section Manager: Tracy A. Ikenberry (acting) External Dosimetry Section Manager: Charles A. (Gus) Potter Instrumentation
9、Section Manager: Michelle Johnson (acting) Internal Dosimetry Section Manager: Timothy Lynch *The N13 Administrative Committee recognizes the contributions of Rob Forrest, who passed away before this standard was completed. v This standard was consensus balloted and approved by members of the ANSI/H
10、PS N13 Committee on April 9, 2012. At the time of balloting, the Committee had the following membership: Chairperson Tracy A. Ikenberry Vice Chairperson Michelle L. Johnson American Association of Physicians in Medicine (AAPM) Robert A. Phillips Lynne Fairobent (alt.) American College of Occupationa
11、l and Environmental Medicine Bryce Breitenstein American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) Ray Johnson American Iron and Steel Institute Anthony La Mastra American Mining Congress Scott C. Munson American Nuclear Insurers Bob Oliveira American Nuclear Society (ANS) Vacant Conference of Radiation
12、 Control Program Directors (CRCPD) Earl Fordham Council on Ionizing Radiation Measurements and Standards (CIRMS) Chris Soares Council on Radionuclides and Radiopharmaceuticals, Inc. (CORAR) Leonard Smith Health Physics Society (HPS) Sandy Perle Greg Kump (alt.) Institute of Electrical and Electronic
13、 Engineers (IEEE) Mike Unterweger Institute of Nuclear Materials Management Skip (Harrison) Kerschner National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) David Schauer National Registry of Radiation Protection Technologists (NRRPT) Dwaine Brown Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) Ralph L. An
14、dersen U.S. Department of Commerce Thomas J. McGiff U.S. Department of Energy Joel Rabovsky Peter OConnell (alt.) U.S. Department of Defense Tim Mikulski John Cuellar (alt.) U.S. Department of Homeland Security Don Potter U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Mike Boyd U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commiss
15、ion Donald A. Cool U.S. Navy Luis A. Benevides Individual members Joseph P. Ring L. Max Scott Toshihide Ushino A. N. Tschaeche* *The N13 Committee recognizes the contributions of Al Tscheche, who passed away before this standard was completed. vi Foreword (This foreword is not part of American Natio
16、nal Standard N13.56-2012) Sampling and monitoring of airborne radionuclides in workplaces are critically important for maintaining worker safety at facilities where dispersible radioactive materials are used. Specifically, air sampling and monitoring for radionuclides are critical for evaluation of
17、containment integrity, evaluation of effectiveness of contamination control programs and work practices, providing measurements for qualitative dose assessment, providing a general assessment of the level of the airborne hazard in a room, and for providing workers an immediate warning when air conce
18、ntrations exceed safe levels. There were several motivations to develop the ANSI/HPS N13.56 standard for workplace air sampling. First, ANSI N13.1-1969, “Guide for Sampling Airborne Radioactive Material in Nuclear Facilities,” was published in 1969 and had been the only ANSI standard that specifical
19、ly addressed air sampling for radionuclides in the workplace. Although the overall scope of the 1969 version of the ANSI/HPS N13.1 standard included the topic of workplace sampling, the main focus of the standard was on extractive sampling from exhaust ducts, and ANSI/HPS N13.1-1969 did not address
20、problems of workplace sampling in sufficient detail. Second, when the ANSI/HPS N13.1 standard was revised in 1999, the scope of the standard was narrowed and now excludes workplace air monitoring. Third, as evidenced by the numerous guidance documents produced by various regulatory agencies, the lac
21、k of a high-level standard on room air sampling has led to inconsistencies in air sampling practices. Finally, the body of scientific information generated since the publication of the 1969 version of ANSI/HPS 13.1 standard has led to technologies that substantially improved the sensitivity and rapi
22、dness of detection of accidentally released radioactive materials in workplaces. Suggestions for improvement of this standard are welcome. Suggestions should be sent to the Health Physics Society, 1313 Dolley Madison Boulevard, Suite 402, McLean, VA 22102. Key words: aerosols, air monitoring, air sa
23、mpling, occupational exposure, radioactivity, radiation protection, statistics, ventilation vii Contents 1.0 Purpose and Scope 1 1.1 Purpose . 1 1.2 Scope 1 2.0 Normative References 1 3.0 Definitions and Nomenclature . 2 3.1 Definitions 2 3.2 Nomenclature. 4 4.0 Evaluating the Need for an Air Sampli
24、ng Program 5 5.0 Collection of Air Samples 6 5.1 Aerosol Sampling . 6 5.2 Gas Sampling 7 5.3 Sampling Considerations Based on Purpose of Air Sample 7 5.3.1 Air Sampling When Respiratory Protective Equipment Is Used 8 5.3.2 Air Sampling to Establish Containment and Posting of Airborne Radioactivity A
25、reas 8 5.3.3 Air Sampling As a Basis for Determining Worker Intakes . 8 5.3.4 Air Monitoring for Early Warning of Elevated Air Concentrations . 8 5.4 Frequency of Sampling 8 5.4.1 Grab Versus Continuous Air Sampling . 8 5.4.2 Continuous Air Monitoring.8 5.4.3 Prompt Analysis of Certain Samples.9 5.5
26、 Substitutes for Air Sampling . 9 6.0 Evaluation of Air Sampling Results 9 6.1 Determining the Activity Concentration and Concentration-Hour . 9 6.2 Minimum Detection Capability for an Air sampling Program 10 6.3 Uncertainty of Measurements 10 6.4 Techniques for Correcting for Radon Progeny Interfer
27、ence . 12 6.5 Evaluating Changes in Air Concentration over Time 13 6.5.1 Evaluating Air Concentrations for Accumulation Sampling During Continuous Air Monitoring. 13 6.6 Review of Air Sampling Results.13 7.0 Location of Air Samplers . 14 7.1 Types of Airflow Studies 14 7.1.1 Qualitative Airflow Stud
28、ies14 7.1.2 Quantitative Airflow Studies.15 7.2 Locating Samplers for Estimating Committed Effective Dose 15 7.3 Locating Samplers for Evaluating Effectiveness of Containment . 16 7.4 Locating Samplers for Posting of Airborne Radioactivity Areas . 16 7.5 Locating Portable Air Samplers 16 7.6 Locatin
29、g Continuous Air Monitors 17 8.0 Quality Assurance and Quality Control 17 8.1 Sample Identification, Handling, and Storage 17 8.2 Air Sampling and Counting Equipment 17 8.2.1 Performance of the Counting System.17 8.2.1.1 Calibration of Counting System 17 8.2.1.2 Operability Checks.17 8.2.2 Performan
30、ce of Sampling Rate Measurements 17 viii 8.2.2.1 Calibration of Flow-Rate Instruments 17 8.2.2.2 Operability 18 8.2.2.3 Air Inleakage Testing 18 8.3 Documentation and Record Keeping.18 9.0 Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Air Sampling Program 19 9.1 Dose-based Assessment of the Adequacy of the Ai
31、r Sampling Program 19 10.0 Informative References.21 Tables Table 1. Air sampling recommendations based on ALI and airborne concentrations expressed as a fraction of a derived air concentration (DAC) . 6 Table 2. Typical minimum detection capability for various purposes of air sampling20 AMERICAN NA
32、TIONAL STANDARD ANSI/HPS N13.56-2012 1 Sampling and Monitoring Releases of Airborne Radioactivity in the Workplace 1.0 Purpose and Scope 1.1 Purpose This standard sets forth guidelines and performance criteria for sampling airborne radioactive substances in the workplace. Emphasis is on health prote
33、ction for workers in the indoor environment. This standard provides best practices and performance-based criteria for the use of air sampling devices and systems, including retrospective samplers, continuous air monitors, and personal air samplers. Specifically, this standard covers air sampling pro
34、gram objectives, design of air sampling and monitoring programs to meet program objectives, methods for air sampling and monitoring in the workplace, and quality assurance critera to ensure system performance toward protecting workers against unnecessary inhalation exposures. The primary purpose of
35、workplace air monitoring is to measure airborne radioactive material for evaluation and mitigation of inhalation hazards by workers in facilities where radioactive material may become airborne. A comprehensive air sampling program can be used to determine whether administrative and engineering contr
36、ols for confinement of radioactive material are effective, to measure airborne radioactive material and alert workers to high air concentrations, to estimate worker intakes, to determine posting requirements, and to determine what protective equipment and measures (e.g., limiting stay times, enginee
37、ring controls such as containments and/or ventilation, and respiratory protec-tion) are appropriate. Results often provide the basis for development and evaluation of control procedures and may indicate whether engineering controls or operational changes are necessary. Air sampling techniques consis
38、t of two general approaches. The first approach is retrospective sampling, in which the air is sampled, the collection medium is removed and taken to a radiation detector system and analyzed for radioactive material, and the concentration results are made available at a later time. In this context,
39、the measured air concentrations are evaluated retrospec-tively. The second approach is real-time air monitoring, where air concentrations are continuously monitored so that workers can be warned that a significant release of airborne radioactive material may have just occurred. In implementing an ef
40、fective air sampling program, it is important to achieve a proper balance between the two general approaches. The specific balance will depend on hazard level of the work and the characteristics of each facility. When designing an air sampling strategy, the As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) pr
41、inciple shall be considered, which requires internal and external exposures be kept as low as can reasonably be achieved and balanced with social, technical, economic, practical, and public policy considerations that are associated with the use of the radioactive material. A comprehensive air sampli
42、ng strategy should also consider that the air sampling program is only one element of a broader radiation protection program. Therefore, individuals involved with the air sampling program should interact with personnel working in other elements of the radiation protection program such as contaminati
43、on control and internal dosimetry. 1.2 Scope This document addresses the technical issues involved in sampling and monitoring air for radioactive materials in the workplace. Specifically, this document addresses the techniques, appropriateness, quality, and accuracy of air sampling/monitoring method
44、s and techniques for such a program. This standard does not address environmental air sampling, effluent monitoring, or radon measurements. 2.0 Normative References There are no normative references for implementation of this standard. ANSI/HPS N13.56-2012 2 3.0 Definitions and Nomenclature 3.1 Defi
45、nitions Absorbed dose: The average energy imparted by ionizing radiation to the matter in a volume element per unit mass of irradiated material. The absorbed dose is expressed in units of gray (or rad) (1 gray = 100 rad). Accuracy: A measure of the agreement of measurements to the standard value. Ae
46、rosol: Solid or liquid particles suspended in a gas. Airborne radioactive material: Radioactive material dispersed in the air in the form of dusts, fumes, particulates, mists, vapors, or gases. Airborne radioactivity area: Any area accessible to individuals where the measured concentration of airbor
47、ne radioactivity, above natural background, exceeds or is likely to exceed the derived air concentration (DAC) value, or where an individual present in the area without respiratory protection could receive an intake exceeding 12 DAC-h in a week. Air sampler: A device that passes a known volume of ai
48、r in a preset time interval through a filter or other medium to trap any airborne radioactive material. The filter or sampling medium is then analyzed for radioactive content. Air monitoring instrument: A device designed to pass airborne radioactive material directly through a radiation detector or
49、through a detector/collection medium combination that traps the airborne material on the sampling medium and measures the radioactivity through time. See Continuous Air Monitor. Annual limit on intake (ALI): The derived limit for the amount of radioactive material taken into the body of an adult worker by inhalation or ingestion in a year. The ALI is the
