1、ANSI/HPS N43.15-2001 Health Physics Society An American National Standard Safe Design and Use of Self- Contained Wet Source Storage Gamma Irradiators (Category III) Supplement 4 HEALTH PHYSICS 2001 ii ANSI/HPS N43.15-2001 American National Standard Safe Design and Use of Self-Contained Wet Source St
2、orage Gamma Irradiators (Category III) Approved March 2001 American National Standards Institute, Inc. iii Preface (This preface is not a part of American National Standard N43.15, Safe Design and Use of Self-Contained Wet Source Storage Gamma Irradiators (Category III). The 1950s and 1960s can be c
3、haracterized as the research era for radionuclide applications. Based on this research, a number of commercial gamma irradiators started operation in the early 1960s. Gamma irradiators are used for a variety of purposes in research, industry, and other fields. Typical uses are: 1. Sterilization or m
4、icrobial reduction in medical and pharmaceutical supplies. 2. Microbial reduction and disinfestation of food products. 3. Radiation effects studies. 4. Chemical and polymer synthesis and modifications. 5. Insect eradication through sterile male release programs. The number and types of irradiators s
5、upporting these and other applications are continually growing. Source requirements for any particular irradiator may vary from a few curies to several million curies. Irradiator designs can be many and varied to suit individual needs; therefore, it is essential to establish basic criteria to ensure
6、 a high standard of radiation safety in the design and use of irradiators, but in a way which does not unnecessarily restrict the logical use and growth of radionuclide applications. This standard sets forth basic safety standards which are recommended in irradiator design and use. Its use by Regula
7、tory Authorities, relative to the review of radionuclide applications, is encouraged. In the event of a conflict between this standard and federal or state regulation, the regulation shall take precedence. Because of the variety of designs, four general categories of irradiators have been establishe
8、d to facilitate preparation of standards. A separate standard establishes the criteria to be used in the design, fabrication, installation, use, and maintenance for each irradiator category. The categories are as follows: Category I - Self-contained, dry source storage irradiators. American National
9、 Standard N43.7. An irradiator in which the sealed source is completely contained in a dry container constructed of solid materials, the sealed source is shielded at all times, and human access to the sealed source and the volume undergoing irradiation is not physically possible in its designed conf
10、iguration. Category II - Panoramic, dry source storage irradiator. American National Standard N43.10. A controlled human access irradiator in which the sealed source is contained in a dry container constructed of solid materials, and the sealed source is fully shielded when not in use; the sealed so
11、urce is exposed within a radiation volume that is maintained inaccessible during use by an entry control system. Category III - Self-contained, wet source storage irradiator. American National Standard N43.15. An irradiator in which the sealed source is contained in a storage pool (usually containin
12、g water), the sealed source is shielded at all times, and human access to the sealed source and the volume undergoing irradiation is physically restricted in its designed configuration and proper mode of use. Category IV - Panoramic, wet source storage irradiator. American National Standard N43.10.
13、A controlled human access irradiator in which the sealed source is contained in a storage pool (usually containing water), and the sealed source is fully shielded when not in use; the sealed source is exposed within a radiation volume that is maintained inaccessible during use by an entry control sy
14、stem. iv Published by Health Physics Society 1313 Dolley Madison Blvd. Suite 402 McLean, VA 22101 Copyright 2001 by the Health Physics Society All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permiss
15、ion of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America ANSI/HPS N43.15-2001 v CONTENTS 1. Scope .1 2. Definitions 1 3. General Considerations .3 3.1 Health Warning.3 3.2 Radiation Protection Criteria 3 3.3 Achieving Safe Operation.3 4. Sealed Sources3 4.1 General.3 4.2 Performance Requirement
16、s and Classification 3 4.3 Bend Test .5 4.4 Certification and Documentation 5 5. Radiation Measurements .5 5.1 General.5 5.2 Surveyor Qualifications.5 5.3 Instrument Calibration 5 5.4 Radiation Shielding Surveys 5 5.5 Radioactive Contamination Tests.6 5.6 Personnel Monitoring7 5.7 Source Transport C
17、ontainer Tests .7 5.8 Pool Water Conditioning System7 6. Responsibilities 7 6.1 General.7 6.2 Operating Instructions 8 6.3 Maintenance.8 6.4 Emergency Procedures8 6.5 Quality Assurance 8 6.6 Records 8 6.7 Service8 6.8 Safety Advisory.8 7. Operational Safety Features 9 7.1 Portable Radiation Survey M
18、eter and Check Source.9 7.2 Radiation Monitor .9 7.3 Radiation Warning Sign9 7.4 Personnel Access.9 7.5 Emergency Egress Capability 9 7.6 Product Exit Monitor .9 7.7 Warning Signals .9 7.8 Source Holder.11 vi 7.9 Source Guard .11 7.10 Product Positioning System .11 7.11 Pool Guard .11 7.12 Fire Exti
19、nguishing System11 7.13 Power FailureElectrical .11 7.14 Power FailureNon-Electrical .11 7.15 Site Considerations 11 7.16 Pool Water Supply11 8. Integrity of Radiation Shields and Barriers.11 8.1 Construction Monitoring and Acceptance.11 8.2 Source Storage Pool 11 8.3 Irradiator Room Shielding.12 8.
20、4 Personnel Access Door12 9. Source Storage 12 9.1 General.12 9.2 Pool Water Controls and Indicators12 9.3 Water Conditioning.12 9.4 Water Chilling .13 9.5 In-Pool Piping .13 9.6 Cleaning Source Storage Pools .13 9.7 Pool Lighting.13 10. Control Identification 13 10.1 Control Console13 10.2 Labeling
21、 13 10.3 Status Indicator Colors .13 11. Installation, Removal, Transfer and Safety Related Service .13 11.1 Authorized Personnel .13 11.2 Qualifications14 11.3 Responsibility .14 11.4 Records 14 11.5 Underwater Tools and Servicing 14 11.6 Source Manipulation.14 12. Administrative Procedures .14 12.
22、1 Written Instructions and Operational Requirements 14 12.2 Controlled Access and Use 15 13. Operator Qualifications 16 14. Removal, Transfer, or Disposal of Damaged Sources and Contaminated Material16 14.1 Damaged or Leaking Source16 15. Revision of American National Standards Referred to in This D
23、ocument.16 vii 16. References.17 Appendix Appendix A Radiation Measurements18 A.1 Portable Radiation Monitoring Instruments .18 A.1.1 Instrument Selection .18 A.1.2 Calibration.19 A.1.3 Performing Radiation and Contamination Surveys.20 A.2 Radiation Measurements with Instruments Other Than Portable
24、Radiation Monitoring Instruments21 A.2.1 Instrument Selection .21 A.2.2 Calibration.21 A.2.3 Performing Radiation Measurements with Fixed Instruments 21 A.3 References 22 Figures Fig 1 - Bend test parameters. 4 Fig 2 - Safety features for a typical Category III 10 viii Members of Subcommittee N43.15
25、 which had responsibility for the development of ANSI/HPS N43.15-2001 are listed below. Jim Myron, Chair Gammapar LLC Steve Baggett United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission Doug Broadus Unites States Nuclear Regulatory Commission Sharon Dobo Permagrain Products Inc. Mark Gee Armed Forces Radiobio
26、logy Research Institute Rodger Granlund Penn State University Larry Griest Permagrain Products Inc. Rob Perrins MDS Nordion ix This standard was consensus balloted and approved in September 2000 by the ANSI Accredited Standards Committee, N43, on Equipment for Non-Medical Radiation Applications. At
27、the time of balloting, the HPS N43 Committee had the following membership: Chair John C. Taschner Vice Chair Gordon M. Lodde ABB Industrial Systems Inc. John R. Dukes Alliance of American Insurers Thomas F. Bresnahan American Automobile Manufacturers Association Donald A. Greschaw William Watt (alt.
28、) David A. Felinski (alt.) American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Gordon M. Lodde American Crystallographic Association Camden Hubbard American Insurance Services Group Stewart M. Fastman American Iron and Steel Institute Anthony LaMastra Peter A. Hernandez (alt.) American Public
29、Health Assoc., Inc. Jesse Lieberman American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. K. Dieter Markert American Society for Testing and Materials Marvin M. Turkanis American Welding Society Edward L. Criscuolo Atomic Energy Control Board R. E. Irwin Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors
30、 Mike Henry Bart Lago (alt.) Health Physics Society Jack Fix David Lee (alt.) National Institute of Standards and Technology Douglas M. Eagleson James W. Tracy (alt.) Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. Peter Boden David Dini (alt.) Univ. of California (Los Alamos Natl Lab) John C. Taschner U. S. Dept o
31、f the Air Force, Office of the Surgeon General Don Jordan U. S. Dept of the Army, Office of the Surgeon General Frances Szrom Gregory R. Komp (alt.) U.S. Department of Energy Peter OConnell Joel Rabovsky (alt.) U. S. Department of the Navy David E. Farrand William Morris (alt.) Steven Doremus (alt.)
32、 U. S. Dept of Health and Human Services - Public Health H. Thompson Heaton Frank Cerra (alt.) Individual Members John H. Weiler AMERCIAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI N43.15-2001 1 1. Scope This standard applies to self-contained, wet source storage irradiators (Category III) that contain sealed gamma emi
33、tting sources for the irradiation of objects or materials. The standard establishes the criteria to be used in the proper design, fabrication, installation, use, and maintenance of these irradiators which will ensure a high degree of radiation safety at all times. 2. Definitions The definitions and
34、terms contained in this standard, or in other American National Standards referred to in this document, are not intended to embrace all legitimate meanings of the terms. They are applicable only to the subject treated in this standard. This standard applies to irradiator designs produced after the d
35、ate of this publication. Existing irradiator owners may wish to review this standard for possible upgrades. Absorbed Dose the energy imparted by ionizing radiation per unit mass of irradiated material. The units of absorbed dose are the gray (Gy) and the rad. 1 Gy = 1 joule/kilogram 1 rad = 0.01 Gy
36、Activity the rate of disintegration (transformation) or decay of radioactive material. The units are the becquerel (Bq) and the curie (Ci). 1 Bq = 1 event/second 1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010Bq Accessible Surface that surface of the irradiator, including the surface of the pool, to which human access is possibl
37、e without the use of tools or without penetration of the structural radiation shield. Authorized Personnel (Authorized person) those individuals authorized by the pertinent regulatory or controlling authority to: a. operate and control access to the irradiator, b. perform periodic contamination dete
38、ction tests on the irradiator, c. install, maintain, and service the irradiator. Capsule - protective envelope used for prevention of leakage of radioactive material. Contamination - radioactive material, other than the sealed sources, present in an undesired or unintended location that exceeds the
39、limit(s) set by agreement between the owner/lessee and the pertinent regulatory agency. Contamination can be contained within a material or on the surface of a material. Removable surface contamination is contamination that can be removed by wiping the surface. Fixed contamination is contamination t
40、hat is not removed by wiping the surface. Dose - see absorbed dose, dose equivalent, and effective dose equivalent. Dose Equivalent (HT) - the product of the absorbed dose in tissue and the radiation weighting factor (WR) at the location of interest. The units of dose equivalent are the sievert (Sv)
41、, when absorbed dose is given in Grays, and the rem, when absorbed dose is given in rads. 1 rem = 0.01 (Sv). Effective Dose Equivalent (or Effective Dose) (HE) - the sum of the product of the dose equivalent to the organ or tissue and the tissue weighting factor (WT) applicable to each of the body o
42、rgans or tissue that is irradiated. The units of effective dose equivalent are the sievert, when absorbed dose is given in Grays, and the rem, when absorbed dose is given in rads. 1 rem = 0.01 (Sv). Fully Shielded - the condition in which the source is stored so that the radiation level in the radia
43、tion room does not exceed the levels specified in 5.4.2 of this standard. Fully Vented - a design characteristic of hollow tools, tubes, or control rods, that allows air to escape from the tool at a rate sufficient to allow water to flood the immersed section as it enters the water. High Radiation A
44、rea - any area, accessible to individuals, in which radiation levels could result in an individual receiving a dose equivalent in excess of 1 mSv (100 mrem) in 1 hour at 30 centimeters from the radiation source or from any surface that the radiation penetrates. ANSI N43.15-2001 2 Installation of Irr
45、adiator - the construction, source loading, and the commissioning of an irradiator. Irradiator - a device or facility which contains and uses sealed sources for the irradiation of objects or materials. Irradiator Room - the room which contains the source storage pool. Irradiator Shut Down - stoppage
46、 of all product and irradiator movements. Licensee - individual or organization to whom the pertinent regulatory authority has issued a license authorizing receipt, possession, use, and transfer of sealed sources and operation of an irradiator. May - as used in this standard implies an action is not
47、 mandatory, but is permissable. Operator - an authorized individual who controls the use of the irradiator. Passivation - treatment of stainless steel to produce a barrier coating which is resistant to corrosion. Product - the objects or materials which are intentionally irradiated. Product Position
48、ing System - the means by which the product is positioned for irradiation. Qualified Expert - a person having the knowledge, training, and experience necessary to perform a task in his/her field or specialty, in a competent and proficient manner. Quality Assurance - all those planned and systematic
49、actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that an item or a facility will perform satisfactorily in service. Quality Control - those quality assurance actions which provide a means to control and measure the characteristics of an item, process, or facility to established requirements. Radiation Shields - the materials which have as their primary function the attenuation of radiation emitted by the sealed source to acceptable levels. Restricted Area - that region of the irradiator to which human access is controlled for
