1、IEEE Std 1013-2007(Revision of IEEE Std 1013-2000)IEEE Recommended Practicefor Sizing Lead-Acid Batteriesfor Stand-Alone Photovoltaic (PV)SystemsI E E E3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997, USA20 July 2007IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 21Sponsored by theIEEE Standards Coordinating Committee
2、21 onFuel Cells, Photovoltaics, Dispersed Generation, and Energy StorageIEEE Std 1013-2007 (Revision of IEEE Std 1013-2000) IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Lead-Acid Batteries for Stand-Alone Photovoltaic (PV) Systems Sponsored by the IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 21 on Fuel Cells, Phot
3、ovoltaics, Dispersed Generation, and Energy Storage Approved 22 March 2007 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: A method for determining the energy-capacity requirements (sizing) of both vented and valve-regulated lead-acid batteries used in terrestrial stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) systems is describe
4、d. Sizing batteries for hybrid or grid-connected PV systems is beyond the scope of this recommended practice. Installation, maintenance, safety, testing procedures, and consideration of battery types other than lead-acid are beyond the scope of this recommended practice. Recommended practices for th
5、e remainder of the electrical systems associated with PV installations are also beyond the scope of this recommended practice. Keywords: battery capacity, battery requirements, lead-acid batteries, photovoltaic (PV), photovoltaic power systems, sizing, sizing lead-acid batteries, solar, stand-alone
6、_ The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2007 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 20 July 2007. Printed in the United States of America. IEEE is a registered trademark
7、 in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1013-2007, IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Lead-Acid
8、 Batteries for Stand-Alone Photovoltaic (PV) Systems. This recommended practice describes a method for sizing both vented and valve-regulated lead-acid batteries used in stand-alone terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) systems. Sizing batteries for hybrid or grid-connected PV systems is beyond the scope of
9、 this recommended practice. Installation, maintenance, safety, testing procedures, and consideration of battery types other than lead-acid are beyond the scope of this recommended practice. Recommended practices for the remainder of the electrical systems associated with PV installations are also be
10、yond the scope of this recommended practice. Notice to users Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/ standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Interpretations
11、 Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/ index.html. PatentsAttention is called to the possibility that implementation of this recommended practice may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this r
12、ecommended practice, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying patents or patent applications for which a license may be required to implement an IEEE standard or for conducting inqui
13、ries into the legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention. iv Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. Participants At the time this recommended practice was completed, the Energy Storage Subsystems Working Group had the following membership: Jay L. Chamberlin, Chair
14、Kenneth S. Sanders, Secretary Howard Barikmo Rob Cary Garth P. Corey James Dunlop Lauren Giles Robert Hammond Thomas D. Hund Liang Ji Peter F. McNutt Haissam Nasrat Michael T. Nispel Carl Parker Robert F. Rallo Stephen Vechy John Wiles The following members of the individual balloting committee vote
15、d on this recommended practice. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. William J. Ackerman Munnu Bajpai Thomas S. Basso Richard T. Bolgeo Steven R. Brockschink William A. Byrd Thomas Carpenter Jay L. Chamberlin Weijen Chen Keith Chow Stephen P. Conrad Tommy P. Cooper Gart
16、h P. Corey C. G. Currin Stephen Dare Randall L. Dotson Gary R. Engmann Randall C. Groves David A. Horvath Thomas D. Hund Jim Kulchisky Saumen K. Kundu William G. Lowe G. L. Luri Keith N. Malmedal James A. McDowall Mark F. McGranaghan Peter F. McNutt Gary L. Michel Haissam Nasrat Michael S. Newman Mi
17、chael T. Nispel Chris L. Osterloh Donald M. Parker Percy E. Pool Robert F. Rallo Charles W. Rogers Joseph R. Rostron Randall M. Safier Kenneth S. Sanders Steven Sano Bartien Sayogo Stephen C. Schwarm Tarkeshwar Singh Herbert J. Sinnock David R. Smith S. Thamilarasan Joe D. Watson James W. Wilson, Jr
18、. Oren Yuen At the time this recommended practice was approved, the IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 21 on Fuel Cells, Photovoltaics, Dispersed Generation, and Energy Storage had the following membership: Richard DeBlasio, Chair Stephen Chalmers, Vice-Chair Thomas S. Basso, Secretary Bill Ash,
19、IEEE SCC21 Liaison David L. Bassett John J. Bzura Jay L. Chamberlin James M. Daley Douglas C. Dawson Frank Goodman Kelvin Hecht Joseph Koepfinger Benjamin Kroposki Robert Saint Mallur N. Satyanarayan Timothy P. Zgonena v Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. When the IEEE-SA Standards Board appr
20、oved this recommended practice on 22 March 2007, it had the following membership: Steve M. Mills, Chair Robert M. Grow, Vice-Chair Donald F. Wright, Past Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary Richard DeBlasio Alexander D. Gelman William R. Goldbach Arnold M. Greenspan Joanna N. Guenin Julian Forster* Kenne
21、th S. Hanus William B. Hopf Richard H. Hulett Hermann Koch Joseph L. Koepfinger* John D. Kulick David J. Law Glenn Parsons Ronald C. Petersen Tom A. Prevost Narayanan Ramachandran Greg Ratta Robby Robson Anne-Marie Sahazizian Virginia Sulzberger Malcolm V. Thaden Richard L. Townsend Howard L. Wolfma
22、n *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC Representative Alan H. Cookson, NIST Representative Jennie Steinhagen IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development Bill Ash IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program
23、 Development vi Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 1 2. Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations 2 2.1 Definitions . 2 2.2 Acronyms and abbreviations . 2 3. Outline of sizing methodology . 3 4. Autonomy considerations. 3 5. Load determination.
24、4 5.1 General considerations. 4 5.2 Load data . 5 5.3 Data analysis 6 6. Battery capacity and functional-hour rate determination 6 6.1 Unadjusted capacity. 6 6.2 Battery type selection 6 6.3 Capacity adjustment 7 6.4 Functional-hour rate 8 7. Determining number of series-connected cells. 8 7.1 Nomin
25、al system voltage 8 7.2 Voltage window. 8 7.3 Calculating the number of series-connected cells 9 8. Battery size determination 10 8.1 Cell size selection 11 8.2 Number of parallel strings . 11 8.3 Final number of cells . 11 8.4 Final battery capacity. 11 8.5 Checks and considerations. 11 9. Battery
26、sizing worksheets. 12 Annex A (informative) Battery characteristics. 23 A.1 Capacity 23 A.2 Type 23 vii Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. A.3 Cyclability 23 A.4 Cycle life. 24 A.5 Economic considerations 25 A.6 Physical characteristics. 25 A.7 Maintenance 26 A.8 Handling Precautions 26 Annex
27、 B (informative) Examples. 27 Annex C (informative) Bibliography 44 viii Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Lead-Acid Batteries for Stand-Alone Photovoltaic (PV) Systems 1. 1.11.2Overview This recommended practice provides a systematic approach for determi
28、ning the appropriate energy capacity of a lead-acid battery to satisfy the energy requirements of the electrical loads of a stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) system. Since this capacity determination (sizing) assumes that no power is available from the array, the resulting battery capacity should be mor
29、e than adequate to meet the PV systems load requirements during its normal operation. Scope This recommended practice describes a method for sizing both vented and valve-regulated lead-acid batteries in stand-alone PV systems. Installation, maintenance, safety, testing procedures, and consideration
30、of battery types other than lead-acid are beyond the scope of this recommended practice. Sizing batteries for hybrid and grid-connected PV systems is beyond the scope of this recommended practice. Recommended practices for the remainder of the electrical systems associated with stand-alone PV instal
31、lations are also beyond the scope of this recommended practice. Sizing examples are given for various representative system applications. Iterative techniques to optimize battery costs, which include consideration of the interrelationship between battery size, PV array size, and weather, are beyond
32、the scope of this recommended practice. Purpose This recommended practice is meant to assist system designers in sizing lead-acid batteries for residential, commercial, and industrial stand-alone PV systems. 1 Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Std 1013-2007 IEEE Recommended Practice for
33、 Sizing Lead-Acid Batteries for Stand-Alone Photovoltaic (PV) Systems 2. 2.12.2Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations For the purposes of this recommended practice, the following terms and definitions apply. The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms B11should be referenced for terms not
34、 defined in this clause. Definitions 2.1.1 array-to-load ratio: Average daily photovoltaic ampere hours (Ah) available divided by the average daily load in ampere hours. NOTEThe average daily photovoltaic (PV) ampere hours is calculated by taking the average daily solar resource for the month of int
35、erest in kilowatt hours per square meter (kW/m2) times the array current at its maximum power point (Imp) under standard test conditions (STC).22.1.2 autonomy: The length of time that a photovoltaic (PV) system can provide energy to the load without energy from the PV array. 2.1.3 regulation voltage
36、: The maximum voltage that a charge controller allows the battery to reach under charging conditions. 2.1.4 solar irradiance: Instantaneous power density of sunlight measured in watts per meter squared (W/m2). 2.1.5 solar radiation: The time integral of solar irradiance. NOTESolar radiation data for
37、 a geographic location is generally reported for each month as the average daily radiation for a specific array tilt angle. A typical range for daily solar radiation is 2 kW/m2to 7 kW/m2. 2.1.6 standard test conditions (STC): The accepted conditions under which photovoltaic devices are commonly rate
38、d: 1000 W/m2 irradiance at a spectral distribution air mass (AM) of 1.5 and a 25 C PV cell temperature. 2.1.7 sun hours: Length of time in hours at a solar irradiance level of 1 kW/m2needed to produce the daily solar radiation obtained from the integration of solar irradiance over all daylight hours
39、. Sun hours is sometimes referred to as peak sun hours. Acronyms and abbreviations AM air mass DOD depth of discharge EOD end of discharge EOL end of life Icoincoincident current Impmaximum power point current Inoncoinnon-coincident current MDDOD maximum daily depth of discharge MDOD maximum depth o
40、f discharge PV photovoltaic STC standard test conditions VmaxMaximum voltage limit VminMinimum voltage limit 1The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex C. 2Notes in text, tables, and figures of a standard are given for information only and do not contain requirements n
41、eeded to implement this standard. 2 Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Std 1013-2007 IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Lead-Acid Batteries for Stand-Alone Photovoltaic (PV) Systems 3.4. Outline of sizing methodology The function of a battery used in a PV system is to supply power when
42、 the system load exceeds the output of the PV array. For a satisfactory PV battery system, many factors should be considered to determine the necessary capacity and the number of cells composing the battery. These factors, as follows, are discussed in subsequent clauses: Autonomy (Clause 4). The len
43、gth of time that the stand-alone PV systems load should be supported solely by its fully charged battery is established by system design requirements. Load determination (Clause 5). Requirements of the application determine the amount of current that is to be supplied by the battery over a period of
44、 time. The peak current and the operational voltage window are determined by the systems load devices. Battery capacity and functional-hour rate determination (Clause 5). The battery capacity and its discharge functional-hour rate are determined by the specific applications load(s), autonomy, and ba
45、ttery characteristics (see Annex A). Determining number of series-connected cells (Clause 7). The systems voltage limits (voltage window) determines the required number of cells in series. Several criteria should be examined to assure a workable system. Cell capacity and battery size determination (
46、Clause 8). Once the overall battery capacity and number of cells in series have been determined, the final selection of a specific cell can be made and the final battery size can be calculated. NOTEBecause of the interaction of these factors, an iterative process may be needed to determine the optim
47、um battery for the application. Battery sizing worksheets (Clause 9). Worksheets that provide a systematic approach to the sizing of a battery for a stand-alone PV system are presented. The application of the worksheets is explained in accompanying text. Battery characteristics (Annex A). System per
48、formance, life, maintenance, and cost are influenced by the type of battery selected for the PV application. Information regarding lead-acid battery characteristics is presented. Examples (Annex B). Examples demonstrating various aspects of battery sizing are presented. Autonomy considerations PV po
49、wer systems may require some battery reserve, both for reliability of service and to provide time for intervention in the event of an unanticipated occurrence, such as unusually poor weather or failure of a system component. The number of days of autonomy is commonly specified as a system design requirement and is based on several considerations, including the following: a) System application. Critical load applications generally require more autonomy than non-critical applications. b) Syst
