1、IEEE Std 1184-2006(Revision ofIEEE 1184-1994)IEEE Guide for Batteries forUninterruptible Power Supply SystemsI E E E3 Park Avenue New York, NY10016-5997, USA29 September 2006IEEE Power Engineering SocietySponsored by theStationary Battery CommitteeRecognized as anAmerican National Standard (ANSI)IEE
2、E Std 1184-2006(R2011)(Revision ofIEEE 1184-1994)IEEE Guide for Batteries for Uninterruptible Power Supply SystemsSponsor Stationary Battery Committeeof theIEEE Power Engineering SocietyApproved 11 September 2006American National Standards InstituteApproved 30 March 2006Reaffirmed 7 December 2011IEE
3、E SA-Standards BoardThe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USACopyright 2006 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Published 29 September 2006. Printed in the United States of America.Second prin
4、ting 22 February 2007. Equation 5 was corrected and cross references were correted on pages 20, 22, and34.IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions ofany individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyr
5、ight ClearanceCenter.ivCopyright 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved.IntroductionOur societys increasing dependence on computerized information has resulted in the expanded use ofuninterruptible power systems (UPS) to ensure the integrity of essential power systems. These systemsrequire that stored energ
6、y be available to maintain operation. Although rotating inertia has at times beenused to store this energy, batteries remain the preferred method of energy storage for this purpose. An arrayof battery designs and extensive technologies are available to the user. This guide is intended to inform the
7、user of the various battery technologies available and some of the designpoints to be considered when selecting a battery for UPS applications. Some of the battery design optionsthat result in volumetric efficiency may also result in reduced life. This guide can help the user to becomeaware of which
8、 designs and operating procedures can result in optimum battery life. This guide is intendedto be used along with IEEE Std 485, IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Lead-Acid Batteries forStationary Applications; IEEE Std 484, IEEE Recommended Practice for Installation Design andInstallation of Vent
9、ed Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications; IEEE Std 450, IEEERecommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Vented Lead-Acid Batteries forStationary Applications; and IEEE Std 1106, IEEE Recommended Practice for Installation, Maintenance,Testing, and Replacement of Vented
10、 Nickel-Cadmium Batteries for Stationary Applications. Notice to usersErrataErrata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL forerrata periodically.Interpreta
11、tionsCurrent interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/index.html.PatentsAttention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject mattercovered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no
12、 position is taken with respect to the existence orvalidity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifyingpatents or patent applications for which a license may be required to implement an IEEE standard or forconducting inquiries into the legal validi
13、ty or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention.This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1184-2006, IEEE Guide for Batteries for Uninterruptible Power SupplySystems.vCopyright 2006 IEEE. All rights reservedParticipantsAt the time this guide was completed, the Uninterruptible Power Su
14、pply (UPS) System working group hadthe following membership:Bansi R. Patel, ChairThe following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this standard. Balloters may havevoted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this guide on 30 March 2006
15、, it had the followingmembership:Steve M. Mills, ChairRichard H. Hulett, Vice ChairDon Wright, Past ChairJudith Gorman, Secretary*Member EmeritusCurtis Ashton Gary Balash Robert Beavers Richard T. Bolgeo William Cantor Jay Chamberlin Bart Cotton Thomas G. Croda Pete DeMar Richard Greco Roger Johnson
16、 Wayne Johnson John KoperaJose A. Marrero Stephen McCluerJim McDowallEd Rafter Omi Samanta Robert J. Schmitt M. A. (Sam) Shah H. F. (Hal) Taylor Richard Tressler Lesley Varga Al WilliamsonSamuel AguirreJames AndersonCurtis AshtonGary BalashRobert BeaversRichard T. BolgeoWilliam CantorGarth CoreyStep
17、hen DareMatthew DavisJerry DiSciulloNeal DowlingJames EdmondsGary EngmannHarold EpsteinTrilok GargJerry GoerzRichard GrecoRandall GrovesJoseph JancauskasAlan JensenJose A. MarreroStephen McCluerJim McDowallG. MichelBansi R. PatelEdward RafterRobert RobinsonCharles RogersSteven SanoRobert SeitzEdward
18、 StallingsJames StonerH. F. (Hal) TaylorRichard TresslerLesley VargaJames WilsonEdward WirthDonald W. ZipseAhmed ZobaaMark D. BowmanDennis B. BrophyWilliam R. GoldbachArnold M. GreenspanRobert M. GrowJoanna N. GueninJulian Forster*Mark S. HalpinKenneth S. HanusWilliam B. HopfJoseph L. Koepfinger*Dav
19、id J. LawDaleep C. MohlaT. W. OlsenGlenn ParsonsRonald C. PetersenTom A. PrevostGreg RattaRobby RobsonAnne-Marie SahazizianVirginia C. SulzbergerMalcolm V. ThadenRichard L. TownsendWalter WeigelHowad L. WolfmanviCopyright 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved.Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-
20、SA Standards Board liaisons:Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC RepresentativeRichard DeBlasio, DOE RepresentativeAlan H. Cookson, NIST RepresentativeMichelle D. TurnerIEEE Standards Program Manager, Document DevelopmentAngela OrtizIEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program DevelopmentCopyright 2006 IEEE
21、. All rights reserved. viiCONTENTS 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 1 2. Normative references 2 3. Definitions 2 4. Battery types. 3 4.1 General 3 4.2 Performance considerations. 4 4.3 Vented lead-acid (VLA) batteries 4 4.4 Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries. 4 4.5 Vented Ni-Cd batter
22、ies 6 4.6 Sealed Ni-Cd batteries . 7 5. Selection considerations . 7 5.1 Design considerations 7 5.2 Battery footprint and floor loading 8 5.3 Battery life. 8 5.4 Ventilation . 9 6. Application considerations . 11 6.1 Installation design 11 6.2 UPS operating consideration . 13 6.3 Warranty considera
23、tions 14 7. Battery sizing 15 7.1 Voltage window design . 15 7.2 Temperature. 15 7.3 Design and aging considerations . 17 7.4 Battery sizing calculations. 17 7.5 Sample application: three-phase UPS 18 8. Commissioning. 23 8.1 Design adherence. 23 8.2 Installation adherence 23 8.3 Performance adheren
24、ce 23 9. Maintenance and testing . 23 9.1 General 23 9.2 Safety. 24 9.3 Maintenance of lead-acid batteries 25 9.4 Maintenance requirements Ni-Cd. 29 Copyright 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved. viii9.5 Testing . 31 9.6 Data analysis 33 9.7 Record retention 36 Annex A (informative) Bibliography . 37 Ann
25、ex B (normative) Seismic requirements. 39 Annex C (normative) Lead-acid battery technology 40 Annex D (normative) Ni-Cd battery technology 47 Annex E (normative) Service life considerations. 50 Annex F (normative) Commissioning 54 Annex G (normative) Maintenance and testing intervals . 62 Copyright
26、2006 IEEE. All rights reserved. 1IEEE Guide for Batteries for Uninterruptible Power Supply Systems 1. Overview 1.1 Scope This guide discusses various battery systems so that the user can make informed decisions on selection, installation design, installation, maintenance, and testing of stationary s
27、tandby batteries used in uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems. This guide describes how the UPS battery charging and converter components can relate to the selection of the battery systems. Design requirements of the UPS components are beyond the scope of this document. Battery back-up systems
28、 for dc-output rectifiers are also beyond the scope of this document. While this document applies to all UPS systems, it may be impractical to implement some of its guidance and recommendations with small, self-contained systems, such as products intended to back up individual personal computers. Th
29、is guide divides the available technologies into the following three main categories: Vented lead-acid batteries (VLA) Valve-regulated lead acid (VRLA) Ni-Cd batteries (Ni-Cd) For each category, the technology and the design of the battery are described in order to facilitate user selection. The spe
30、cific advantages for particular applications are also listed. 1.2 Purpose This guide is intended to assist those involved with battery systems for uninterruptible power supply systems. Proper design, installation, and maintenance will enable the user to manage the battery system for optimum operatio
31、n and results. IEEE Std 1184-2006 IEEE Guide for Batteries for Uninterruptible Power Supply Systems Copyright 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved. 22. Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cit
32、ed applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies. IEEE Std 450, IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Vented Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications.1,2IEEE Std 484, IEEE Recomm
33、ended Practice for Installation Design and Installation of Vented Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications. IEEE Std 485, IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications. IEEE Std 1106, IEEE Recommended Practice for Installation, Maintenance, Testing, and
34、Replacement of Vented Nickel-Cadmium Batteries for Stationary Applications. IEEE Std 1115, IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Nickel-Cadmium Batteries for Stationary Applications. IEEE Std 1187, IEEE Recommended Practice for Installation Design and Installation of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Storage
35、 Batteries for Stationary Applications. IEEE Std 1188, IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Valve Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA) Batteries for Stationary Applications. 3. Definitions For the purposes of this guide, the following terms and definitions apply. The Authorit
36、ative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms, Seventh Edition B23, should be referenced for terms not defined in this clause. 3.1 commissioning: A process that assures that a component, subsystem, or system will meet the intent of the designer and the user. 3.2 cycle: A battery discharge followed by a c
37、omplete recharge. A deep discharge cycle is described as the removal and replacement of 80% or more of the cells design capacity. 3.3 cycling: Repeated charging and discharging of a storage battery. Some batteries are rated by their ability to withstand repeated, deep discharge cycles. 3.4 depth of
38、discharge: The ampere-hours removed from a fully charged battery, expressed as a percentage of its rated capacity at the applicable discharge rate. 3.5 equalizing voltage: A voltage, higher than the float voltage, used to correct inequalities of voltage, specific gravity, or state of charge that may
39、 have developed between the cells during service. 3.6 float service: Operation of a standby battery at a continuous charging voltage selected to maintain a full state of charge and optimize battery life. 1IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445
40、 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA (http:/standards.ieee.org/) 2The IEEE standards or products referred to in this clause are trademarks of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex A.
41、IEEE Std 1184-2006 IEEE Guide for Batteries for Uninterruptible Power Supply Systems Copyright 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved. 33.7 ohmic value: A value derived from the measurement of a cells internal resistance, conductance, or impedance; used as one element of determining a batterys state of heal
42、th. 3.8 rated capacity: The ampere-hour capacity assigned to a storage cell by its manufacturer for a given discharge rate and time, at a specified electrolyte temperature and specific gravity, to a given end-of-discharge voltage. 3.9 temperature-compensated charging: A charging technique in which b
43、attery temperature is measured and the charging voltage is adjusted in proportion to changes in temperature. 3.10 valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) cell: A cell that is sealed with the exception of a valve that opens to the atmosphere when the internal gas pressure in the cell exceeds atmospheric pre
44、ssure by a pre-selected amount. VRLA cells provide a means for recombination of internally generated oxygen and the suppression of hydrogen gas evolution to limit water consumption. 3.11 vented lead-acid (VLA) cell: A cell in which the products of electrolysis and evaporation are allowed to escape t
45、o the atmosphere as they are generated. These batteries are commonly referred to as flooded. 3.12 uninterruptible power supply (UPS): A device or system that provides quality and continuity of an ac power source through the use of a stored energy device as the backup power source. 4. Battery types 4
46、.1 General The smallest unit of a battery is the cell, which has the following basic components: Container Positive plates Separators/retainers Negative plates Electrolyte Cover Flame arrestor with vent or valve Plate straps, terminal posts, and other current-carrying components These components may
47、 be designed and implemented in various ways to optimize performance for specific applications. (See Annex C and Annex D). IEEE Std 1184-2006 IEEE Guide for Batteries for Uninterruptible Power Supply Systems Copyright 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved. 44.2 Performance considerations Battery designs ar
48、e available for the following standby applications: a) Long duration (i.e., telecommunications or low discharge rate) batteries are designed for applications in which the standby loads are relatively constant and the battery is required to supply these loads for a minimum of 3 h. Long duration batte
49、ries are characterized by thicker plates. b) General-purpose (i.e., switchgear and control) batteries are similar to the long duration battery, but have additional design features to improve conductivity. In UPS applications, this design is best suited for discharge times of 1 h to 3 h. c) Short duration (i.e., UPS or high discharge rate) batteries are designed to supply large amounts of power for a relatively short period of time. Thinner plates typically characterize short duration batteries. These batteries are best suited fo
