1、g44g40g40g40g3g54g87g71g3g20g21g26g27g17g23g140g16g20g28g28g26g3g11g53g72g68g73g73g3g21g19g20g19g12g44g40g40g40g3g53g72g70g82g80g80g72g81g71g72g71g3g51g85g68g70g87g76g70g72g3g73g82g85g3g39g76g86g87g85g76g69g88g87g72g71g3g44g81g87g72g85g68g70g87g76g89g72g3g54g76g80g88g79g68g87g76g82g81g178g57g72g85g7
2、6g191g70g68g87g76g82g81g15g3g57g68g79g76g71g68g87g76g82g81g15g3g68g81g71g36g70g70g85g72g71g76g87g68g87g76g82g81g3g44g40g40g40g3g38g82g80g83g88g87g72g85g3g54g82g70g76g72g87g92g54g83g82g81g86g82g85g72g71g3g69g92g3g87g75g72g39g76g86g87g85g76g69g88g87g72g71g3g44g81g87g72g85g68g70g87g76g89g72g3g54g76g80g
3、88g79g68g87g76g82g81g3g38g82g80g80g76g87g87g72g72g3g44g40g40g40g22g3g51g68g85g78g3g36g89g72g81g88g72g3g49g72g90g3g60g82g85g78g15g3g49g60g3g20g19g19g20g25g16g24g28g28g26g15g3g56g54g36g3g3g20g3g45g88g79g92g3g21g19g20g19g20g21g26g27g17g23g55g48The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
4、3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USACopyright 2010 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Originally published 1998. Printed in the United States of AmericaUpgraded from Trial to Full-Use Standard (2000). Reaff (2005 and 2010)IPrint: ISBN 978-0-7381
5、-6281-2 STD97006PDF: ISBN 978-0-7381-6387-1 STDPD97006IEEE prohibits discrimination, harassment and bullying. For more information, visit http:/www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/whatis/policies/p9-26.html.No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwis
6、e, without the prior written permissionof the publisher.IEEE Std 1278.4-1997(R2010)IEEE Recommended Practice for Distributed Interactive SimulationVerification, Validation, and AccreditationSponsorDistributed Interactive Simulation Committeeof theIEEE Computer SocietyApproved 9 December 1997Reaffirm
7、ed 17 June 2010IEEE Standards BoardApproved 31march 2003Reaffirmed 14 January 2011IEEE Standards BoardAbstract: Guidelines are established for the verification, validation, and accreditation (VV certification; Distributed Interactive Simulation; simulation; validation;verification; warfare simulatio
8、n; wargamesNotice and Disclaimer of Liability Concerning the Use of IEEE Documents: IEEE Standards documents are developed within the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Committees of the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) Standards Board. IEEE develops its standards through a consensus
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26、er. Copyright 2010 IEEE. All rights reserved. iiiIntroduction(This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1278.4-1997 (Reaff 2010), IEEE Recommended Practice for Distributed Inter-active SimulationVerification, Validation, and Accreditation.)Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS) is a government/ind
27、ustry initiative to define an infrastructure forlinking simulations of various types at multiple locations to create realistic, complex, virtual “worlds” forthe simulation of highly interactive activities. This infrastructure brings together systems built for separatepurposes, technologies from diff
28、erent eras, products from various vendors, and platforms from various ser-vices and permits them to interoperate. DIS exercises are intended to support a mixture of virtual entitieswith computer-controlled behavior (computer-generated forces), virtual entities with live operators (humanin-the-loop s
29、imulators), live entities (operational platforms and test and evaluation systems), and construc-tive entities (wargames and other automated simulations). DIS draws heavily on experience derived from theSimulator Networking (SIMNET) program developed by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA),ad
30、opting many of SIMNETs basic concepts and heeding lessons learned.In order for DIS to take advantage of currently installed and future simulations developed by different orga-nizations, a means had to be found for assuring interoperability between dissimilar simulations. Thesemeans were developed in
31、 the form of industry consensus standards. The open forum (including government,industry, and academia) chosen for developing these standards was a series of semi-annual workshops onstandards for the interoperability of distributed simulations, which began in 1989. The results of the work-shops have
32、 been several IEEE standards along with supporting documentation. These standards provideapplication protocol and communication services and profile standards to support DIS interoperability. Inaddition, an IEEE recommended practice for exercise management and feedback provides user guidelinesfor se
33、tting up and conducting a DIS exercise.The relationship between the component documents constituting the set of IEEE DIS documents is shown inthe figure below. Used together, these standards and recommended practices will help to ensure an interoper-able simulated environment.1278.1-1995 and1278.2-1
34、995, IEEE Standardfor Distributed InteractiveSimulationCommunication Servicesand Profiles 1278.3-1996, IEEE Standardfor Distributed InteractiveSimulationExercise Managementand FeedbackDistributed InteractiveSimulation standards,recommended practices,and related documentsEnumeration and Bit-EncodedVa
35、lues for Use withProtocols for Distributed1278.4-1997, IEEE Trial-UseRecommended Practice forDistributed InteractiveSimulationVerification, Validation,and Accreditation P1278.5, Draft Standardfor Distributed InteractiveSimulationFidelity DescriptionRequirements 1278.1a-1998, IEEEStandard for Distrib
36、utedInteractive SimulationApplication ProtocolsInteractive SimulationApplicationsDocumentation relationshipsiv Copyright 2010 IEEE. All rights reserved.The interoperability components addressed by these standards and recommended practices are as follows:a) Application protocols;b) Communication serv
37、ices and profiles;c) Exercise management and feedback;d) Validation, verification, and accreditation; ande) Fidelity description requirements.IEEE Std 1278.1-1995, IEEE Standard for Distributed Interactive SimulationApplications Protocols, andIEEE Std 1278.1a-1998 (Supplement to IEEE Std 1278.1-1995
38、) define the format and semantics of datamessages, also known as protocol data units (PDUs), that are exchanged between simulation applicationsand simulation management. The PDUs provide information concerning simulated entity states, the type ofentity interactions that take place in a DIS exercise,
39、 and data for management and control of a DIS exercise,simulated environment states, aggregation of entities, and the transfer of control entities. IEEE Std 1278.1a-1998 also specifies the communciation services to be used with each of the PDUs. An additional, non-IEEE document is required for use w
40、ith IEEE Std 1278.1-1995 and IEEE Std 1278.1a-1998. This document is entitled Enumeration and Bit-Encoded Values for Use with Protocols for DistributedInteractive Simulation Applications and is available from the Defense Modeling, Simulation and TacticalTechnology Information Analysis Center.1IEEE S
41、td 1278.2-1995, IEEE Standard for Distributed Interactive SimulationCommunication Servicesand Profiles, defines the communication services required to support the message exchange described inIEEE Std 1278.1-1995 and IEEE Std 1278.1a-1998. In addition, IEEE Std 1278.2-1995 provides severalcommunicat
42、ion profiles that meet the specified communications requirements.Taken together, IEEE Std 1278.1-1995, IEEE Std 1278.1a-1998, and IEEE Std 1278.2-1995 provide the nec-essary information exchange for the communications element of DIS.IEEE Std 1278.3-1996, IEEE Recommended Practice for Distributed Int
43、eractive SimulationExerciseManagement and Feedback, provides guidelines for establishing a DIS exercise, managing the exercise, andproviding proper feedback. This recommended practice is used in conjunction with IEEE Std 1278.1-1995,IEEE Std 1278.1a-1998, and IEEE Std 1278.2-1995.IEEE Std 1278.4-199
44、7, IEEE Recommended Practice for Distributed Interactive SimulationVerification,Validation, and Accreditation, provides guidelines for verifying, validating, and accrediting a DIS exercise.This recommended practice, used in conjunction with IEEE Std 1278.3-1996, presents data flow and con-nectivity
45、for all proposed verification and validation activities and provides rationale and justification foreach step.IEEE P1278.5, Draft Standard for Distributed Interactive SimulationFidelity Description Requirements,provides a taxonomy of fidelity characteristics with a consistent and uniform language to
46、 describe fidelity atsix levels: resource, fidelity domain, capability, implementation, characteristic, and descriptor.1For information about the Defense Modeling, Simulation and Tactical Technology Information Analysis Center, see their Web site athttp:/ 2010 IEEE. All rights reserved. vParticipant
47、sDuring the development cycle of this recommended practice, the DIS Verification, Validation, and Accredi-tation Subgroup had the following membership:Simone Youngblood, Chair Larry Cantwell, Co-chairPam Blechinger, Secretary Susan Solick, RecorderRay Miller, Air Force Representative Jim Weatherly,
48、Navy RepresentativeBill Dunn, Army RepresentatiiveBenn AaronsonJohn AbernathyDonald AbramsJohn AdamsMonty AndersonChris BaileyDamon BakerPeter BeckettJack BenkertTom BerginJeff Bideaux Robert BishopKerry BlountSteve BravyWilliam BrayDonald BrownSteven BrownJean BrumesterMartin Bushika Gerry Cabaniss
49、Richard CampbellJulie ChuKenneth CiarelliJudy ClarkTom ClarkeGary Q. CoeKen ColeCrain CottenRandy Cox Cla Crassous de MedeuilKeith CurtisRon DeLucaCarrol DenneyDennis DeRiggiAmitabh DeyGeorge Dietrich, Jr.Bob DightonJon DodsonJulie DoerrMichael DoughertyHenry DubinMark DumbleRobert EberthRichard ElgJoseph L. FaixSusan FeldmanPeter FeursteinEdward FeustelRonald FischerGary FriedmanBeverly FriendPat GarrityPatti GillespieLawrence GoldbergSteve GoldbergRiley GoodwinPeggy GravitzShelton GreenKimberly GremplerCharles HankinsGene HardinGale Har
