1、ISBN 0-471-08032-2Library of Congress Catalog Number 79-92425 Copyright 1979 byThe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the priorwritten permission of the publisher.IE
2、EE Std 149-1979(R2008)(Revision ofIEEE Std 149-1965)IEEE Standard Test Procedures forAntennasSponsorAntenna Standards CommitteeReaffirmed December 10, 2008Approved December 15, 1977IEEE-SA Standards BoardApproved October 9, 2003American National Standards InstituteiiForeword(This Foreword is not a p
3、art of ANSI/IEEE Std 149-1979, IEEE Standard Test Procedures for Antennas.)This document is a major revision of IEEE Std 149-1965 which it supersedes. It represents the second revision of thestandard since the original issuance in 1948 of 48IRE2S2, Standards on AntennasMethods of Testing. Practicall
4、yevery topic contained in the previous standard has been expanded to reect the great changes that have taken place,since 1965, in metrology and instrumentation technology as applied to antenna measurements.This document contains sections on the design, evaluation, and operation of antenna ranges, el
5、ectromagnetic radiationhazards, and environmental factors which did not appear in the preceding standard. The section on the determinationof scattering cross-section, which appeared previously, has been omitted since it will appear as a separate standard ata later date.Suggestions for the improvemen
6、t of this standard will be welcome. They should be sent to:SecretaryIEEE Standards BoardThe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc345 East 47th StreetNew York, NY 10017This standard was prepared by the Subcommittee 2.11 on Methods of Testing Antennas of the IEEE AntennaStandards Comm
7、ittee. The Subcommittee preparing this revision had the following membership:W. H. Kummer, Chair J. D. DysonE. S. GillespieT. MukaihataA. C. NewellA. F. SeatonG. P. TricolesA. T. VilleneuveAuthorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Standards Staff. Downloaded on January 27, 2009 at 15:02 from IEEE Xpl
8、ore. Restrictions apply.iiiMembers of the IEEE Antenna Standards Committee who contributed to this standard document were:E. S. Gillespie, Chair C. C. AllenK. G. BalmainP. L. BurgmyerH. V. Cottony*G. A. DeschampsJ. D. DysonE. S. GillespieP. W. HannanH. JasikW. K. KahnE. M. KennaughW. H. KummerD. J.
9、LeVineT. MukaihataA. C. NewellD. C. PortsL. J. RicardiA. C. SchellA. F. SeatonC. J. Sletten*P. H. SmithW. T. TilstonG. P. TricolesA. T. VilleneuveM. S. Wheeler* Past chairmanApproved December 15, 1977IEEE Standards BoardWilliam R. Kruesi, Chair Irvin N. Howell, Jr, Vice Chair Ivan G. Easton, Secreta
10、ry William E. AndrusJean Jacques ArchambaultMark BarberEdward J. CohenWarren H. CookLouis CostrellR. L. CurtisDavid B. DobsonR. O. DuncanCharles W. FlintJay ForsterRalph I. HauserJoseph L. KoepfingerIrving KolodnyBenjamin J. LeonThomas J. MartinDonald T. MichaelVoss A. MooreWilliam S. MorganWilliam
11、J. NeiswenderRalph M. ShowersRobert A. SoudermanLeonard W. Thomas, SrB. W. WhittingtonAuthorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Standards Staff. Downloaded on January 27, 2009 at 15:02 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.ivCLAUSE PAGE1. Scope.12. Standards References 23. Antenna-Range Measurements o
12、f Radiation Patterns.33.1 General . 33.2 Pattern Cuts 43.3 Basic Antenna-Range Configurations 54. Antenna-Range Design .54.1 General . 54.2 Antenna-Range Design Criteria . 64.3 Design of Elevated Ranges 84.4 Design of Ground-Reflection Ranges 134.5 Other Ranges 165. Antenna-Range Instrumentation .19
13、5.1 General . 195.2 Source Antennas for Antenna Ranges 205.3 Transmitting Systems. 205.4 Receiving Systems . 215.5 Positioning Systems . 245.6 Antenna-Pattern Recorder 275.7 Data-Processing and Control Computers. 316. Antenna-Range Evaluation .326.1 General . 326.2 Field-Probe Measurements over Test
14、 Aperture . 336.3 Incident-Field Measurements Near the Range Axis on an Elevated Range 356.4 Incident-Field Measurements Near the Range Axis on a Ground-Reflection Range 376.5 Wide-Angle Incident-Field Measurements 376.6 Evaluation of Anechoic Chambers 407. Special Measurement Techniques.427.1 Model
15、ing Techniques. 427.2 Antenna-Focusing Technique 447.3 Near-Field Probing with Mathematical Transformation 457.4 Swept-Frequency Technique 487.5 Indirect Measurements of Antenna Characteristics . 498. Antenna-Range Operation.519. On-Site Measurements of Amplitude Patterns5210. Phase .5410.1 General
16、. 54Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Standards Staff. Downloaded on January 27, 2009 at 15:02 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.vCLAUSE PAGE10.2 Phase Patterns 5510.3 Antenna Phase Center 5510.4 Phase Measurements 5711. Polarization .6111.1 General . 6111.2 Polarization Measurements 7112.
17、 Measurement of Power Gain and Directivity7812.1 General . 7812.2 Gain Standards . 8012.3 Gain-Transfer Measurements. 8412.4 Measurement of the Power Gain of Electrically Large Antennas 8612.5 Errors in Power-Gain Measurements. 9212.6 Directivity Measurements 9613. Determination of Radiation Efficie
18、ncy .9914. Special Measurements for Angle-Tracking Antennas 9914.1 General . 9914.2 Conical Scanning Angle Tracking . 10014.3 Monopulse Angle Tracking . 10114.4 Electrical Boresight Measurements 10215. Measurement of the Electrical Properties of Radomes.10215.1 General . 10215.2 Significant Antenna-
19、Radome Parameters 10315.3 Apparatus . 10315.4 Testing of Wet Radomes 10516. Measurement of Impedances.10516.1 Input-Impedance Measurements 10516.2 Mutual-Impedance Measurement. 10617. Ground-Wave Measurements10818. Power-Handling Measurements11119. Electromagnetic Radiation Hazards11219.1 General .
20、11219.2 Safe Radiation Limits. 11419.3 Measurement and Instrumentation. 11420. Environmental Factors 11421. Bibliography115Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Standards Staff. Downloaded on January 27, 2009 at 15:02 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.viCLAUSE PAGEAnnex A Field Regions(Informa
21、tive) 125Annex B Reciprocity (Informative) 127Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Standards Staff. Downloaded on January 27, 2009 at 15:02 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.Copyright 1979 IEEE All Rights Reserved1IEEE Standard Test Procedures for Antennas1. ScopeThis document comprises test
22、procedures for the measurement of antenna properties. It is a comprehensive revisionand extension of the previous test procedure ANSI/IEEE Std 149-1965 (Reaff 1971).Throughout this standard it is assumed that the antenna to be measured can be treated as a passive, linear, andreciprocal device. There
23、fore its radiation properties can be measured in either the transmitting or the receiving mode.Many of the test procedures decribed can, however, be adapted for use in the measurement of antenna systemscontaining circuit elements that may be active, nonlinear, or nonreciprocal. For these cases there
24、 is no simplerelationship between the antenna systems transmitting and receiving properties. Therefore measurements shall beperformed for the mode or modes in which the antenna system has been designed to be used.A fundamental property of any antenna is its radiation pattern. The measurement of radi
25、ation patterns on an antennarange is discussed in Section 3., with the emphasis placed on amplitude patterns. The design of antenna ranges, orantenna test facilities, is described in Section 4.The instrumentation required for the antenna range, directions for the evaluation of an (existing) range, a
26、nd theoperation of ranges are discussed in Sections 5., 6., and 8., respectively. A variety of special measurement techniquesare included in Section 7.The working environment in which an antenna is installed may substantially modify the intrinsic pattern of an antenna.Consequently measurements in si
27、tuare frequently required. These are discussed in Section 9.For each direction of space, the radiation pattern is characterized by amplitude, phase, and polarization. The lattercharacteristics are taken up in Sections 10. and 11., respectively.The relative amplitude-pattern information may be conver
28、ted into absolute intensities through information derivedfrom the measurement of antenna gain. The determination of gain and closely related directivity is described in Section12 Errors in conventional gain calibration measurements are discussed particularly in 12.5. Losses in the antennaitself can
29、be of importance in some types of antennas. These losses can be accounted for by the radiation efciency.Procedures for their determination are treated in Section 13.Section 14. deals with boresight measurements, which are concerned with the precise determination of the direction ofthe beam or tracki
30、ng axis of an antenna system. The sensitive components of the antenna frequently require protectionfrom harsh inuences of the environment. The electrically transmissive shield or radome which provides thisprotection shall frequently be evaluated so that its effect on the radiation pattern is underst
31、ood. This topic is treated inSection 15.Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Standards Staff. Downloaded on January 27, 2009 at 15:02 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.2Copyright 1979 IEEE All Rights ReservedIEEE Std 149-1979 IEEE STANDARD TESTPower transfer from generator to antenna is contr
32、olled by the input impedance to the antenna. This importantparameter frequently limits the useful bandwidth of the antenna. Measurement procedures and network descriptionsappropriate from low to microwave frequencies are presented in Section 16.An important class of antennas relies on ground to enha
33、nce the received signal. In this case the ground shall beconsidered as an integral part of the antenna. The modication of antenna concepts and additional data on the ground-wave propagation are presented in Section 17.The antenna and its associated circuits rather than the capacity of the transmitte
34、r generator may limit the amount ofpower, either average power or peak power, that can be effectively radiated. It is desirable therefore to determine theselimitations as well as the environmental factors that may modify them independently of the system context. Proceduresfor testing power-handling
35、capacity are outlined in Section 18.Another concern to the antenna engineer is that of radiation hazards. It is well known that radio-frequency (rf) eldsof sufcient intensity can cause damage to biological tissue. Therefore it is usually necessary to determine the level ofthe radiation intensity in
36、the vicinity of antennas radiating high radio-frequency power so that appropriate safetyprecautions can be taken before personnel enter the area. This important aspect of antenna measurements is discussedin Section 19.Mechanical or structural properties along with environmental factors are described
37、 in Section 20. Because theseproperties are so varied and specialized in nature, no attempt has been made to include descriptions of actualmeasurements in this test procedure. The environmental impact of an antenna is also an important consideration for theantenna engineer. One aspect of environment
38、al impact is that of aesthetics. Large antenna structures are necessarilyconspicuous, and their appearance is of concern to those who live in their vicinity. This is particularly true in an urbansetting. Since the aesthetic quality of the antenna structure is highly subjective, it is beyond the scop
39、e of this documentto suggest any evaluation procedure.Throughout this test procedure an attempt has been made to discuss measurement techniques as thoroughly as ispracticable. However, in general step-by-step procedural descriptions have been avoided. References are providedwhich are illustrative of
40、 measurement techniques and in which details may be found. Because measurementtechniques undergo continuing renement, the reader should be alert to references on the subject of antennameasurement that will have appeared after this test procedure was prepared.Many commonly used terms used in this tes
41、t procedure are dened in ANSI/IEEE Std 145-1973, Denitions of Termsfor Antennas. Commonly used terms that do not appear in that standard are italicized in this test procedure.2. Standards ReferencesWhen the following standard documents referenced in the text are superseded by an approved revision, t
42、he revisionshall apply.ANSI C95.1-1974, Safety Level of Electromagnetic Radiation with Respect to Personnel. ANSI C95.3-1973, Techniques and Instrumentation for the Measurement of Potentially Hazardous ElectromagneticRadiation at Microwave Frequencies. ANSI/IEEE Std 100-1977, Dictionary of Electrica
43、l and Electronics Terms. ANSI/IEEE Std 145-1973, Denitions of Terms for Antennas. ANSI/IEEE Std 148-1959 (Reaff 1971), Measurement of Waveguides and Components. IEEE Std 211-1977, Standard Denitions of Terms for Radio Wave Propagation. IEEE Std 291-1969, Standards Report on Measuring Field Strength
44、in Radio Wave Propagation. Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Standards Staff. Downloaded on January 27, 2009 at 15:02 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.Copyright 1979 IEEE All Rights Reserved3PROCEDURES FOR ANTENNAS IEEE Std 149-19793. Antenna-Range Measurements of Radiation Patterns3.1 Ge
45、neralAssociated with the antenna under test is an operational coordinate system 1, pp 5.45.7,1usually a spherical one.Generally this coordinate system is dened by the system in which the antenna is used, although at times, for testinga specic antenna, it may be necessary to dene a different coordina
46、te system. The Inter-Range Instrumentation Groupof the Range Commanders Council 2, p 120, for example, has dened a coordinate system specically for use withrockets, missiles, and space vehicles (Fig 1).Figure 1Coordinate System of Inter-Range Instrumentation GroupThe antennas coordinate system is ty
47、pically dened with respect to a mechanical reference on the antenna. A meansof establishing the mechanical reference should be provided. The standard spherical coordinate system used in antennameasurements is shown in Fig 2.To completely characterize the radiation eld of an antenna, one shall measur
48、e its relative amplitude, relative phase,polarization, and the power gain on the surface of a sphere the center of which is located at the antenna under test. Arepresentation of any of these radiation properties as a function of space coordinates is dened as a radiation pattern,or antenna pattern, o
49、f the test antenna. Since the distance Rfrom the antenna under test to the measuring point is xed,only the two angular coordinates are variables in a given radiation pattern. Usually the radio frequency of operation istreated as a parameter, with the radiation pattern being measured at specied frequencies. For some antennaapplications it is necessary to make frequency a variable. If frequency is varied continuously, such a procedure iscalled a swept-frequency technique; it is discussed in 7.4. It is impractical to measure the radiation pattern of anan
