1、The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017 USA Copyright 1992 by theThe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Published 1992Printed in the United States of AmericaISBN 1-55937-217-6No part of this publicat
2、ion may be reproduced in any form,in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,without the prior written permission of the publisher.IEEE Std 388-1992 (R2007)IEEE Standard for Transformersand Inductors in ElectronicPower Conversion EquipmentSponsorElectronics Transformers Technical Committeeof the
3、IEEE Power Electronics SocietyReaffirmed September 26, 2007Approved March 19, 1992IEEE-SA Standards BoardAbstract: Transformers of both the saturating and non saturating type are covered. The power transfer capability of the transformers and inductors covered range from the minimal (less than 1 W) t
4、o the multikilowatt level. The purpose is to provide a common basis for the engineers designing the transformers and inductors used in those activities. This standard does not cover apparatus used in equipment for high-voltage power conversion for distri-bution by electric utilities.Keywords: Conver
5、ter, inductor, transformer.IEEE Standardsdocuments are developed within the Technical Com-mittees of the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Commit-tees of the IEEE Standards Board. Members of the committees servevoluntarily and without compensation. They are not necessarily membersof the
6、Institute. The standards developed within IEEE represent a con-sensus of the broad expertise on the subject within the Institute as well asthose activities outside of IEEE that have expressed an interest in partic-ipating in the development of the standard.Use of an IEEE Standard is wholly voluntary
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8、nge broughtabout through developments in the state of the art and commentsreceived from users of the standard. Every IEEE Standard is subjected toreview at least every five years for revision or reaffirmation. When a docu-ment is more than five years old and has not been reaffirmed, it is reason-abl
9、e to conclude that its contents, although still of some value, do notwholly reflect the present state of the art. Users are cautioned to check todetermine that they have the latest edition of any IEEE Standard.Comments for revision of IEEE Standards are welcome from any inter-ested party, regardless
10、 of membership affiliation with IEEE. Suggestionsfor changes in documents should be in the form of a proposed change oftext, together with appropriate supporting comments.Interpretations: Occasionally questions may arise regarding the mean-ing of portions of standards as they relate to specific appl
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12、enceof a balance of interests. For this reason IEEE and the members of itstechnical committees are not able to provide an instant response to inter-pretation requests except in those cases where the matter has previouslyreceived formal consideration. Comments on standards and requests for interpreta
13、tions should beaddressed to:Secretary, IEEE Standards Board445 Hoes LaneP.O. Box 1331Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331USAIEEE Standards documents are adopted by the Institute of Electricaland Electronics Engineers without regard to whether their adoption mayinvolve patents on articles, materials, or process
14、es. Such adoption doesnot assume any liability to any patent owner, nor does it assume anyobligation whatever to parties adopting the standards documents.Foreword(This foreword is not a part of IEEE Std 388-1992, IEEE Standard for Transformers and Inductors in ElectronicPower Conversion Equipment.)T
15、he purpose of this standard is to provide a common understanding between the engineersdesigning electronic power conversion circuits and the engineers designing the transformersand inductors used in those circuits.This standard pertains to magnetic apparatus that transform, store, and/or control ele
16、ctri-cal energy in the process of converting that energy from what is available from the powersource to the voltage and current levels required by the load.The power transfer capability of transformers and inductors covered by this standardranges from the minimal (less than 1 W) to the multikilowatt
17、 level. This standard does notcover apparatus used in equipment for high-voltage power conversion for distribution by elec-tric utilities.It should be noted that the electronic power conversion field is evolving rapidly and thatthis standard may not include some configurations and nomenclature.This
18、publication was prepared by the Converter Transformers Working Group of the PowerTransformer Subcommittee of the Electronics Transformers Technical Committee of the IEEEPower Electronics Society. At the time that this standard was completed, the working group and subcommittee hadthe following member
19、ship:H. Fickenscher,ChairR. L. Sell,Vice-ChairP. K. Goethe,Past Chair (19851987)D. N. Ratliff J. Tardy B. D. ThackwrayC. J. Elliott H. E. Lee N. R. GrossnerW. A. Martin L. R. Hill R. C. FischerAt the time that it balloted and approved this standard for submission to the IEEE Stan-dards Board, the El
20、ectronics Transformers Technical Committee had the following member-ship:J. Andresen R. Grant D. RatliffE. D. Belanger O. Kiltie R. SellC. Elliott L. Kirkwood J. SirgailisH. Fickenscher H. E. Lee J. TardyR. A. Frantz H. Lord B. ThackwrayP. Goethe H. TillingerWhen the IEEE Standards Board approved th
21、is standard on March 19, 1992, it had the fol-lowing membership:Marco W. Migliaro, ChairDonald C. Loughry, Vice ChairAndrew G. Salem, SecretaryDennis Bodson Donald N. Heirman T. Don Michael*Paul L. Borrill Ben C. Johnson John L. RankineClyde Camp Walter J. Karplus Wallace S ReadDonald C. Fleckenstei
22、n Ivor N. Knight Ronald H. ReimerJay Forster* Joseph Koepfinger* Gary S. RobinsonDavid F. Franklin Irving Kolodny Martin V. SchneiderRamiro Garcia D. N. “Jim” Logothetis Terrance R. WhittemoreThomas L. Hannan Lawrence V. McCall Donald W. Zipse*Member EmeritusAlso included are the following nonvoting
23、 IEEE Standards Board liaisons:Satish K. AggarwalJames BeallRichard B. EngelmanStanley WarshawAdam SickerIEEE Standards Department Project EditorContentsSECTION PAGE1. Scope 72. References 73. Definitions . 84. Circuits 84.1 Voltampere Ratings 84.2 Circuit Topology 95. Electrical Tests 135.1 Ratio o
24、f Transformation 135.2 Inductance (Impedance) Unbalance. 135.3 Polarity Tests 135.4 Electric Strength Test. 145.5 Induced Voltage Test 155.6 Leakage Inductance 165.7 Magnetizing Inductance Measurement . 165.8 Transformer Capacitance Measurement . 165.9 Transformer Loss Measurements 165.10 Volt-Secon
25、d Area Rating. 205.11 Resonant Frequency 205.12 Temperature Rise Tests 205.13 Acoustic Noise . 215.14 Shielding of Transformers and Inductors 215.15 Audible Noise Tests. 22FIGURESFig 1 Nonisolated DC-DC Converters. 9Fig 2 Low-Power Popular Converter Configurations (20200 W). 10Fig 3 High-Power Popul
26、ar Converter Configurations (100 W 1 kW). 11Fig 4 Half Bridge and Full Bridge Series Resonant Converters . 12Fig 5 Typical High-Potential Test Showing Secondary One Under Test 14Fig 6 Typical High-Potential Test of Inductor 14Fig 7 Bipolar Excitation Core Loss Test Circuit 18Fig 8 Bipolar Excitation
27、 Core Loss Test Circuit 18Fig 9 Bipolar Excitation Core Loss Test Circuit 19TABLESTable 1 Sound Level Corrections for Noise Tests. 22APPENDIXESAppendix A Inductance Measurement Methods for High-Frequency Power Magnetics 24A1. Sinusoidal Excitation 24Appendix B Bibliography . 24APPENDIX FIGURESFig A1
28、 Inductance Meter 24Fig A2 Hay Bridge 257IEEE Standard for Transformers and Inductors in Electronic Power Conversion Equipment1. ScopeThis standard pertains to transformers and inductors of both the saturating and nonsat-urating type that are used in electronic power conversion equipment.Power conve
29、rsion equipment includes items known as inverters, converters, power condi-tioners, switching power supplies, switched mode power supplies, and the like. These itemsare mostly devices used to change dc power from one voltage to another, to change dc power toac, and to change ac power of one frequenc
30、y to another frequency. This equipment is bestdescribed as utilizing transistors, silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs), or other similar devicesthat switch power on and off at a high rate in order to achieve the power conversion or regula-tion desired. Therefore, this standard covers the various tra
31、nsformers and inductors that areused in any of the above mentioned equipment or devices, except for transformers operateddirectly from the mains.2. References1 ANSI S1.4-1983, American National Standard Specification for Sound Level Meters.12 IEEE C57.12.90-1987, IEEE Standard Test Code for Liquid-I
32、mmersed Distribution, Power,and Regulating Transformers; and Guide for Short-Circuit Testing of Distribution and PowerTransformers (ANSI).23 IEEE Std 4-1978, IEEE Standard Techniques for High Voltage Testing (ANSI).4 IEEE Std 100-1988, IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms(ANS
33、I).5 IEEE Std 119-1974, IEEE Recommended Practice for General Principles of TemperatureMeasurement as Applied to Electrical Apparatus.36 IEEE Std 389-1990, IEEE Recommended Practice for Testing Electronic Transformers andInductors (ANSI).7 Chambers, D. “Designing High Power SCR Resonant Converters f
34、or Very High Fre-quency Operation,” Proceedings of Powercon 9, Section F-2, pp. 112, July 1982.8 Bloom, G. and Severns, R. “The Generalized Use of Integrated Magnetics in SwitchmodePower Converters, “Paper no. 84CH 2000-8, IEEE Power Electronics Conference, pp. 1533,June 1984.1ANSI publications are
35、available from the Sales Department, American National Standards Institute, 11 West42nd Street, 13th Floor, New York, NY 10036, USA.2IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Service Center, 445Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA
36、.3This standard has been withdrawn. A photocopy is available from the IEEE Service Center.IEEEStd 388-1992 IEEE STANDARD FOR TRANSFORMERS AND INDUCTORS IN83. DefinitionsAll definitions, except as specifically covered in this section, are defined in IEEE Std 100-1988 44.converter.A machine or device
37、for changing dc power to ac power, for changing ac power todc power, or for changing from one frequency to another. This definition covers several differ-ent power conversion functions, each of which is known by a separate term, see dc-dc con-verter, frequency converter, inverter, and rectifier.dc-d
38、c converter.A machine, device, or system, typically combining the functions of inversionand rectification, for changing dc at one voltage to dc at a different voltage.duty cycle.The ratio of the sum of all pulse durations to the total period during a specifiedperiod of continuous operation. frequenc
39、y converter.A machine, device, or system for changing ac at one frequency to ac ata different frequency.inverter.A machine or device that changes dc power to ac power.percent ripple.The ratio of the value of the ripple voltage to the value of the total voltagemultiplied by 100.rectifier.A machine or
40、 device that changes ac power to dc power.ripple amplitude.The maximum value of the instantaneous difference between the averageand instantaneous value of a pulsating unidirectional wave.4. Circuits4.1 Voltampere Ratings.The size and voltampere rating of a converter transformer isdirectly related to
41、 the type of circuit in which the transformer is used. It is desirable, there-fore, that a specification clearly indicate the circuit connections as well as the duty cycle andripple amplitude. The circuit topology will, therefore, facilitate calculation of the rms values ofcurrent and voltage in eac
42、h winding of the transformer. The VA (voltampere) rating of thetransformer can then be calculated as the average of the primary voltamperes and the second-ary voltamperes.4.1.1 Calculation of VA Rating.Example: Consider the converter circuit shown in Fig 3(b)(half bridge input, full wave center-tap
43、output). Assume an ideal transformer (negligiblelosses), ideal diodes (zero volts forward drop), and an ideal inductor (negligible resistance).Also, assume that all windings will be designed for uniform current density.Let output Vout= 100 V dc, load current (I load) = 1 A, and output power = 100 W.
44、 Calculatetransformer VA rating (defined as the equivalent power rating in a unity power factor circuit)as follows: VA of each half-secondary = 100 V .707 A rms = 70.7 VAVA of secondary = 2 70.7 = 141.4 VA4The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the references in Section 2.IEEEELECTRONIC POWE
45、R CONVERSION EQUIPMENT Std 388-19929VA of primary (neglecting losses) = 100 VARating of transformer = = 120.7 VA averageNote that the use of this FWCT circuit, which furnishes 100 W of dc power, will require acore that is rated 121 VA. The size of the core can therefore be significantly larger than
46、thecore used in a unity power-factor circuit. 4.2 Circuit Topology.Circuits can be classified as either nonisolated converters (see Fig 1)or isolated converters (see Figs 2 and 3).4.2.1 Nonisolated Converters.Nonisolated converters are characterized by the followingterminology: (1) Buck, step-down s
47、ee Fig 1(a)(2) Boost, step-up see Fig 1(b)(3) Flyback, either step-up or step-down see Fig 1(c)4.2.2 Isolated Converters.Isolated converters can be characterized as either low-power orhigh-power circuits. 141.4 100+2-+Vin+VoutVout+Vin+Vout+Vin(a)Buck (Step-Down)Vout Vin(b)Boost (Step-Up)Vout Vin(c)B
48、oost Variation ThatResembles the Flyback Regulator(Step-Up or Down)Fig 1Nonisolated DC-DC ConvertersIEEEStd 388-1992 IEEE STANDARD FOR TRANSFORMERS AND INDUCTORS IN104.2.3 Low-Power Circuits.Typical low-power circuits are single-ended, as follows:(1) Flyback, clamp winding is optional see Fig 2(a).(
49、2) Forward, clamp winding is necessary see Fig 2(b).(3) Two-transistor flyback or forward circuit, clamp is not needed see Fig 2(c).4.2.4 High-Power Circuits.These circuits utilize winding configurations that depend onthe number of semiconductor switches at the input and rectifiers at the output of the trans-former. Typical circuits are as follows:(1) Fig 3(a) push-pull input, center-tap output(2) Fig 3(b) half bridge input, center-tap output(3) Fig 3(c) full bridge input, center-tap output(4) Fig 3(d) half bridge
