1、Copyright 1998 IEEE All Rights Reserved 1IEEE Std 446-1995(R2000)(Revision of IEEE Std 446-1987)IEEE Recommended Practice for Emergency and Standby Power Systems for Industrial and Commercial ApplicationsSponsorPower Systems Engineering Committeeof theIndustrial and Commercial Power Systems Departme
2、nt of the IEEE Industry ApplicationsSocietyApproved 12 December 1995Reaffirmed 21 June 2000IEEE Standards BoardApproved 1 August 1996Reaffirmed 20 April 2001American National Standards InstituteAbstract: This Recommended Practice addresses the uses, power sources, design, and maintenance ofemergency
3、 and standby power systems. Chapter Chapter 3 is a general discussion of needs for and theconfiguration of emergency and standby systems. Chapter Chapter 9 lists the power needs for specificindustries. Chapters 4 and 5 deal with selection of power sources. Chapter Chapter 6 providesrecommendations f
4、or protecting both power sources and switching equipment during fault conditions.Chapter Chapter 7 provides recommendations for design of system grounding, and Chapter Chapter 10provides recommendations for designing to reliability objectives. Chapter Chapter 8 providesrecommended maintenance practi
5、ces.Keywords: batteries, emergency generators, emergency power, emergency system, emergency systemdesign, engine generators, standby power, standby system, stored energy systems, transfer switch,uninterruptible power supplies, UPS, UPS batteriesGrateful acknowledgment is made to the following organi
6、zations for having granted permission to reprintillustrations in this document as listed below:The Electrical Generating Systems Marketing Association (EGSA), 10251 W. Sample Rd., Ste. B, CoralSprings, FL 33065-3939, for Table 3-1from EGSA 109C-1994,Table 1, copyright 1994 by EGSA.The National Fire
7、Protection Association (NFPA), Quincy, MA 02269, for Figure 3-5from NFPA 70-1996, National Electrical Code, Figure 517-30(b), copyright 1995 by NFPA.The Automatic Switch Company (ASCO), Florham Park, NJ 07932, for Figure 4-10.First PrintingJuly 1996SH94381The Institute of Electrical and Electronics
8、Engineers, Inc.345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394, USACopyright 1996 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Published 1996. Printed in the United States of AmericaISBN 1-55937-598-1No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an
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23、opyright Clearance Center, Customer Service, 222 Rosewood Drive,Danvers, MA 01923 USA; (978) 750-8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educationalclassroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center.Note: Attention is called to the possibility tha
24、t implementation of this standard may require use of subject mat-ter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence orvalidity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying patentsfor whi
25、ch a license may be required by an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries into the legal validity orscope of those patents that are brought to its attention.ivIntroduction(This introduction is not a part of IEEE Std 446-1995, IEEE Recommended Practice for Emergency andStandby Power Systems for In
26、dustrial and Commercial Applications.)In 1968 the Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Committee within the Industry andGeneral Applications Group of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers recog-nized that a need existed for a publication that would provide guidance to industrial u
27、sers andsuppliers of emergency and standby power systems.The nature of electric power failures, interruptions, and their duration covers a range in timefrom microseconds to days. Voltage excursions occur within a range from 20 times normal(or more) to a complete absence of voltage. Frequency excursi
28、ons can vary as widely in manyforms, from harmonics to direct current. These variables occur due to a multitude of condi-tions both in the power system ahead of the users service entrance and following the serviceentrance within the users area of distribution.Such elements as lightning, automobiles
29、striking power poles, ice storms, tornadoes, switch-ing to alternate lines, and equipment failure are but a few of the causes of interruptions in theelectric power supply ahead of the service entrance.Within the users area of distribution are such elements as short and open circuits, undersizedfeede
30、rs, equipment failures, operator errors, temporary overloads, single-phasing unbalancedfeeders, fire, switching, and many other causes of power interruption or failure.In the past the demand for reliable electric power was less critical. If power was completelyinterrupted too often, another source w
31、as found. If voltage varied enough to cause a problem,a regulator or a larger conductor was installed. As processes, controls, and instrumentationbecame more sophisticated and interlocked, the demand developed to shorten the length ofoutages. Increased safety standards for people required emergency
32、and exit lighting. Manyfactories added medical facilities that needed reliable electric power.With the advent of solid-state electronics and computers, the need for continuous, reliable,high-quality electric power became critical. Many installations required uninterruptiblepower, virtually free of f
33、requency excursions and voltage dips, surges, and transients.In 1969 a working group was established under the Industrial Plants Power Systems Subcom-mittee of the Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Committee to collect data and pro-duce a publication entitled “Emergency Power Systems for Indus
34、trial Plants.” Later that yearthe scope of the work was enlarged to include standby power since, in meeting various needs,the two systems were often found to be intertwined, or one system served multiple purposes.As the work progressed, it became apparent that industrial and commercial needs contain
35、edmore similarities than differences. Systems available to supply the required power to industrywere found applicable to both fields. Once again the scope of the work was expanded toinclude commercial requirements. The existing working group was changed to the status of asubcommittee under the Indus
36、trial and Commercial Power Systems Committee to have directvresponsibility, not only for the Orange Book Working Group, but for other matters concern-ing emergency and standby power. The proposed publication was redirected toward establish-ing recommended practices. As a result of subsequent organiz
37、ational changes, thisEmergency and Standby Power Systems Subcommittee is now under the Power SystemsEngineering Committee of the Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Department.This third revision of the IEEE Orange Book contains updating and expansion of existingmaterial. In addition, a new chap
38、ter has been added that addresses design criteria for achiev-ing reliability objectives.This IEEE Recommended Practice continues to serve as a companion publication to the fol-lowing other Recommended Practices prepared by the IEEE Industrial and CommercialPower Systems Department: IEEE Std 141-1993
39、, IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution forIndustrial Plants (IEEE Red Book). IEEE Std 142-1991, IEEE Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial andCommercial Power Systems (IEEE Green Book). IEEE Std 241-1990, IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Systems inCommerci
40、al Buildings (IEEE Gray Book). IEEE Std 242-1986, IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination ofIndustrial and Commercial Power Systems (IEEE Buff Book). IEEE Std 399-1990, IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial and CommercialPower Systems Analysis (IEEE Brown Book). IEEE Std 493-199
41、0, IEEE Recommended Practice for the Design of Reliable Indus-trial and Commercial Power Systems (IEEE Gold Book). IEEE Std 602-1996, IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Systems in HealthCare Facilities (IEEE White Book). IEEE Std 739-1995, IEEE Recommended Practice for Energy Management in Indus
42、-trial and Commercial Facilities (IEEE Bronze Book). IEEE Std 1100-1992, IEEE Recommended Practice for Powering and GroundingSensitive Electronic Equipment (IEEE Emerald Book).viThe Orange Book Working Group for the 1995 edition had the following membership:Neil Nichols, ChairChapter 1: ScopeNeil Ni
43、chols,ChairChapter 2: DefinitionsNeil Nichols,Chair; Marco W. Migliaro;Joseph S. DudorChapter 3: General need guidelinesGordon S. Johnson,ChairChapter 4: Generator and electric utility systemsFarrokh Shokooh, Chair; Charles D. HughesChapter 5: Stored energy systemsMarco W. Migliaro,Chair; J. H. Bell
44、ack; G. J. Davis; P. J. Demar; Joseph S. Dudor; Murray Leonard; Robert Soileau; Swagata SomChapter 6: ProtectionPat ODonnell,Chair; Ren Castenschiold; Marco W. Migliaro; Neil Nichols; Charles D. Potts; Farrokh Shokooh; George StrommeChapter 7: GroundingRen Castenschiold,Chair; Norman Fowler; Daniel
45、L. Goldberg; Gordon S. Johnson; Neil Nichols; Donald W. ZipseChapter 8: MaintenanceCharles D. Potts,Chair; Ren Castenschiold; Joseph S. Dudor; Norman Fowler; R. Gerald Irvine; Marco W. Migliaro; Gary TupperChapter 9: Specific industry applicationsEli Yagor,ChairChapter 10: Design and operation consi
46、derations for improving the reliability of emergency power systemsGary Tupper,Chair; Norman Fowler; Neil Nichols; Charles D. Potts; Max Don TrumbleThe following persons were on the balloting committee:James Beall Charles D. Hughes Daleep MohlaCarl Becker R. Gerald Irvine Neil NicholsRen Castenschiol
47、d Gordon S. Johnson Pat ODonnellJames M. Daly Douglas Kanitz Charles D. PottsJoseph S. Dudor C. Grant Keough Milton D. RobinsonJerry M. Frank Thomas S. Key Vincent SaporitaDaniel L. Goldberg Don Koval Stephen SchafferJames M. Harvey Marco W. Migliaro Farrokh ShokoohErling Hesla Donald W. ZipseviiWhe
48、n the IEEE Standards Board approved this recommended practice on 12 December 1995,it had the following membership:E. G. “Al” Kiener,ChairDonald C. Loughry,Vice ChairAndrew G. Salem,Secretary*Member EmeritusAlso included are the following nonvoting IEEE Standards Board liaisons:Satish K. AggarwalStev
49、e SharkeyRobert E. HebnerChester C. TaylorPaula M. KeltyIEEE Standards Project EditorNational Electrical Code and NEC are both registered trademarks of the National Fire Protection Association, Inc.Gilles A. BarilClyde R. CampJoseph A. CannatelliStephen L. DiamondHarold E. EpsteinDonald C. FleckensteinJay Forster*Donald N. HeirmanRichard J. HollemanJim IsaakBen C. JohnsonSonny KasturiLorraine C. KevraIvor N. KnightJoseph L. Koepfinger*D. N. “Jim” LogothetisL. Bruce McClungMarco W. MigliaroMary Lou PadgettJohn W. PopeArthur K. ReillyGary S. RobinsonIngo RuschCh
