1、Recognized as anAmerican National Standard (ANSI)The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USACopyright 2000 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Published 16 October 2000. Printed in the United St
2、ates of America.Print: ISBN 0-7381-2500-8 SH94859PDF: ISBN 0-7381-2501-6 SS94859No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.IEEE Std 844-2000(R2006)(Revision ofIEEE Std 844-1991)IEEE
3、Recommended Practicefor Electrical Impedance, Induction, and Skin Effect Heating of Pipelines and VesselsSponsorIEEE Industry Applications Societyof thePetroleum and Chemical Industry CommitteeReaffirmed 30 March 2006Approved 21 June 2000IEEE-SA Standards BoardApproved 20 April 2001American National
4、 Standards InstituteAbstract: Recommended practices are provided for the design, installation, testing, operation, andmaintenance of impedance, induction, and skin-effect heating systems. Thermal insulation andcontrol and monitoring are addressed. General considerations for heating systems are discu
5、ssed,covering selection criteria, design guidelines and considerations, power systems, receiving andstorage, installation, testing, operations, and maintenance. These aspects are then discussed foreach of the above types of systems, along with special considerations particular to each. Theserecommen
6、ded practices are intended to apply to the use of these heating systems in generalindustry.Keywords: heating systems, impedance heating, induction heating, process heating, skin-effectheating, thermal insulationIEEE Standards documents are developed within the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordi
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19、those patents that are brought to its attention.Copyright 2000 IEEE. All rights reserved. iiiIntroduction(This introduction is not a part of IEEE 844-2000, IEEE Recommended Practice for Electrical Impedance,Induction, and Skin Effect Heating of Pipelines and Vessels.)The types of heating systems cov
20、ered by this draft recommended practice have been used for a number ofyears in the petrochemical industry. They were recognized for the first time in the 1981 issue of the NationalElectrical CodeGe2ANSI/NFPA 70-1990.Electrical heating of pipelines and vessels in the petrochemical industry is a growi
21、ng portion of total heatingrequirements because of its advantages in temperature control and the rise of energy costs. Thisrecommended practice is a companion document and supplements IEEE Std 515-1997, IEEE Standard forthe Testing, Design, Installation, and Maintenance of Electrical Resistance Heat
22、 Tracing for IndustrialApplications. While this recommended practice may be used with IEEE Std 515-1997 to select the type ofelectrical heating to be used, it is a stand-alone document for the types of heating it covers.Since electric heating systems are interrelated with electric power, control, an
23、d alarm systems, otherstandards, some of which are listed in Clause 2, should be referred to when using this recommendedpractice. The recommendations here are not intended to supersede any current standards or recommendedpractices, and sound engineering judgment should always be used when applying t
24、his or any other standard.This recommended practice correlates petrochemical industry practices; it is not intended to be a designguide or an exhaustive procedure manual. It may be used to evaluate different heating systems and suppliersof those systems for suitability and performance. The appendixe
25、s are included for information only; they arenot part of this recommended practice.ParticipantsThis recommended practice was prepared by the 844 Working Group of the Petroleum and Chemical Industry Committee of the Industry Applications Society. At the time this recommended practice was revised, the
26、 Electrical Impedance, Induction, and Skin Effect Heating of Pipelines and Vessels working group had the following members:N. R. (Bob) Rafferty, Co-ChairGeorge B. Tarbutton, Co-ChairThe following invited experts contributed to the technical details of this recommended practice:Douglas BaileyRoy Bart
27、hHenry BeckerHoward BradfieldKurt BrengelFranco ChakkalakalC. James EricksonNeal FensterJulio LizcanoAndrew LozinskiJohn MortimerDavid ParmanDonn RosenSukanta SenguptaH. R. StewartRobert C.TurnerGary WhiteWayne WilliamsFrank HeizerFrank RocchioDon SchollinJohn TurnerKeith WeberDonald W. Zipseiv Copy
28、right 2000 IEEE. All rights reserved.The following members of the balloting committee voted on this standard:When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 21 June 2000, it had the followingmembership:Donald N. Heirman, ChairJames T. Carlo, Vice ChairJudith Gorman, Secretary*Member Emeri
29、tusAlso included is the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaison:Alan Cookson, NIST RepresentativeDonald R. Volzka, TAB RepresentativeJennifer McClain LongmanIEEE Standards Project EditorNational Electrical Code and NEC are both registered trademarks of the National Fire Protection Associ
30、ation, Inc.Doug BaileyHenry BeckerHoward BradfieldFrederick BriedDavid O. BrownJames M. DalyGary DonnerMarcus O. DurhamC. James EricksonNeal FensterH. Landis FloydRichard H. HulettBen C. JohnsonAndrew LozinskiWilliam E. McBrideBill McCartyPaul W. MyersLorraine K. PaddenDavid ParmanTom P. PearsonJohn
31、 E. PropstN. Robert RaffertyLarry J. RobicheauxFrank H. RocchioChet SandbergTom ShawGeorge B. TarbuttonJohn TurnerRobert C. TurnerWayne WilliamsDonald W. ZipseSatish K. AggarwalMark D. BowmanGary R. EngmannHarold E. EpsteinH. Landis FloydJay Forster*Howard M. FrazierRuben D. GarzonJames H. GurneyRic
32、hard J. HollemanLowell G. JohnsonRobert J. KennellyJoseph L. Koepfinger*Peter H. LipsL. Bruce McClungDaleep C. MohlaJames W. MooreRobert F. MunznerRonald C. PetersenGerald H. PetersonJohn B. PoseyGary S. RobinsonAkio TojoDonald W. ZipseCopyright 2000 IEEE. All rights reserved. vContents1. Overview 1
33、1.1 Scope 11.2 Purpose. 21.3 Product certification. 22. References 23. Definitions . 34. General product testing 64.1 General product type tests for impedance heating power cable 64.2 General product type tests for induction heating. 64.3 General product type tests for susceptor heating furnaces wit
34、hin a vessel 74.4 Product testing for skin-effect heating systems . 75. Thermal insulation . 145.1 Selection of insulation material . 155.2 Selection of weather barrier. 155.3 Selection of insulation thickness 165.4 Special consideration of thermal insulation. 175.5 Determination of energy losses 19
35、5.6 Special considerations of energy loss 195.7 Thermal insulation system maintenance 196. Control and monitoring 206.1 Control types 206.2 Zoning and sensor location 216.3 Types of sensors 226.4 Wiring considerations 236.5 Special control considerations . 236.6 Control specifications 237. Heating s
36、ystemGeneral 247.1 Introduction 247.2 Categories 247.3 Selection criteria 257.4 Design guidelines and considerations 257.5 Power systems 277.6 Receiving and storage 287.7 Installation . 287.8 Testing . 287.9 Operations 297.10 Maintenance. 298. Impedance heating . 29Copyright 2000 IEEE. All rights re
37、served. vi8.1 Introduction 298.2 Selection criteria 308.3 Design guidelines and considerations 308.4 Specification 348.5 Installation . 358.6 Testing . 368.7 Operations 378.8 Maintenance. 378.9 Special considerations 379. Induction heating of pipelines and vessels 379.1 Introduction 379.2 Selection
38、criteria 389.3 Design guidelines and considerations 389.4 Specification 439.5 Installation . 449.6 Testing . 459.7 Operation . 459.8 Maintenance. 459.9 Special considerations 4610. Induction susceptor heating furnaces within a vessel 4610.1 Furnace description 4610.2 Sub systems 4810.3 Safety . 5310
39、.4 Installation . 5310.5 Maintenance. 5411. Skin-effect heating. 5411.1 Introduction 5411.2 Selection criteria and applications . 5611.3 Design guidelines and considerations5511.4 Specification 5711.5 Installation . 5711.6 Testing . 5711.7 Operation . 5811.8 Maintenance. 5811.9 Special consideration
40、s 58Annex A (informative) Bibliography 59Annex B (informative) Pipe heat-loss considerations. 61Annex C (informative) Vessel heat-loss considerations . 67Annex D (informative) Heat-Up considerations . 72Annex E (informative) Method to determine equivalent thicknesses of insulating cements . 74Annex
41、F (informative) Induction heating . 75Annex G (informative) Induction susceptor heating furnaces within a vessel specifications.(To be developed by user and supplier) 77Copyright 2000 IEEE. All rights reserved. 1IEEE Recommended Practicefor Electrical Impedance, Induction, and Skin Effect Heating of
42、 Pipelines and Vessels1. OverviewThis recommended practice is divided into 11 clauses. Clause 1 provides the scope. Clause 2 lists referencesto other standards that are useful in applying this recommended practice. Clause 3 provides definitions thatare either not found in other standards or have bee
43、n modified for use with this recommended practice.Clause 4 establishes requirement for general product testing. Clause 5 provides information on thermalinsulation systems that is useful in applying this recommended practice. Clause 6 provides information onthe control and monitoring of heating syste
44、ms covered in this recommended practice. Clause 7 providesgeneral information for the selection, design, installation, and maintenance of heating systems covered bythis recommended practice. Clause 8 provides specific information related to impedance heating. Clause 9provides specific information re
45、lated to induction heating of pipelines and vessels. Clause 10 providesspecific information related to induction susceptor heating furnaces within a vessel. Clause 11 providesspecific information related to skin-effect heating. This recommended practice also contains Annexes. Annex A provides biblio
46、graphical references. Annex Bprovides heat-loss formulas and example calculations. Annex C provides vessel heat loss considerations.Annex D provides heat-up considerations. Annex E provides calculations for determining the thickness ofthermal insulation cement. Annex F provides the theory of inducti
47、on heating. Annex G provides a samplespecification for a susceptor heating system. 1.1 ScopeThis document provides recommended practices for the design, installation, testing, operation, andmaintenance of the following types of electrical heating systems on pipes and vessels for use in generalindust
48、ry: impedance heating systems, induction heating systems, induction susceptor heating furnaceswithin a vessel, and skin-effect heating systems.IEEEStd 844-2000 IEEE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE, INDUCTION,2 Copyright 2000 IEEE. All rights reserved.1.1.1 LimitsThese recommended pract
49、ices, when used with other recognized codes and standards, are intended to covereach heating system in its entirety, including system design, specification, installation, operation, testing,and maintenance of the following:a) Heating systemsb) Thermal insulation systemsc) Pipeline or vessel electrical isolation systemsd) Electric power supply systemse) Electric grounding systemsf) Control and monitoring systems1.2 Purpose1.2.1 System designDesign information, selection parameters, and data in this document are not intended to provide a completedesign of these heating systems. Th
