1、Recognized as an American National Standard (ANSI) IEEE Std. C57.120-1991 IEEE Loss Evaluation Guide for Power Transformers and Rea,ctors Circuits and Devices BleeB1B/a:gl1!eflces altll Jl;:; ir70: i:;l;: “,_, llfiiRf1i,alllriRliffafialB , “ “ ,J7: m:f$ ,-j + Published by the Institute of Electrical
2、 and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 1001 USA. IEEE August 12, 1992 SH15511 Recognized as anAmerican National Standard (ANSI)The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394, USACopyright 1992 by the Institute o
3、f Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Published 1992Printed in the United States of America.ISBN 1-55937-245-1No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form,in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.IEE
4、E Std C57.120-1991 (R2006)IEEE Loss Evaluation Guide forPower Transformers and ReactorsSponsorTransformers Committeeof theIEEE Power Engineering SocietyReaffirmed 7 June 2006Approved 16 September 1991IEEE-SA Standards BoardApproved 28 February 1992American National Standards InstituteAbstract: A met
5、hod for establishing the dollar value of the electric power needed to supply the losses of a transformer or reactor is provided. Users can use this loss evaluation to determine therelative economic benefit of a high-first-cost, low-loss unit versus one with a lower first cost andhigher losses, and t
6、o compare the offerings of two or more manufacturers to aid in making the bestpurchase choice. Manufacturers can use the evaluation to optimize the design and provide the mosteconomical unit to bid and manufacture. The various types of losses are reviewed.Keywords: economic, loss evaluation, reactor
7、s, transformersIEEE Standards documents are developed within the Technical Committees of the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Committees of the IEEE Standards Board. Members of the committees serve voluntarily and without compensation. They are not necessar ily members of the Institute.
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10、ought about through developments in the state of the art and comments received from users of the standard. Every IEEE Standard is subjected to review at least every five years for revision or reaffir mation. When a document is more than five years old and has not been reaffirmed, it is reasonable to
11、 conclude that its contents, al though still of some value, do not wholly reflect the present state of the art. Users are cautioned to check to determine that they have the latest edition of any IEEE Standard. Comments for revision of IEEE Standards are welcome from any interested party, regardless
12、of membership affiliation with IEEE. Suggestions for changes in documents should be in the form of a pro posed change of text, together with appropriate supporting comments. Interpretations: Occasionally questions may arise. regarding the meaning of portions of saards. as they relate to specific app
13、lica tions. When the need fQr interpr. e Secretary, IEEE Standards Board 445 Hoes Lane P.O. Box 1331 Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331 USA IEEE Standards documents are adopted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers without regard to whether their adoption may involve patents on articles, m
14、aterials, or processes. Such adop tion does not assume any liability to any patent owner, nor does it assume any obligation whatever to parties adopting the standards documents. Foreword (This foreword is not a part of IEEE Std C57.120-1991, IEEE Loss Evaluation Guide for Power Transformers and Reac
15、tors.) The users of power transformers and reactors have become more concerned about the value of losses as the cost of energy and of installing generating capacity has increased. The evaluation of losses has become a very significant part of the purchase decision for some users. This guide has been
16、 written to provide a method of establishing loss evaluation factors for transformers or reactors. With loss evaluation factors, the economic benefit of a: high first-cost, low-loss unit can be compared with a unit with a lower first cost and higher losses. This enables a user to compare the offerin
17、gs of two or more manufacturers to aid in making the best purchase choice among competing transformers or reactors. Loss evalua tion also provides information to establish the optimum time to retire or replace existing units with modern low-loss transformers or reactors. This guide was prepared by t
18、he Transformer Loss Evaluation Working Group of the IEEE West Coast Transformer Subcommittee. The following Working Group members participated in the development of the guide: Ray Allustiarti I. Stephen Benko Fred Elliot Dennis Gerlach Jim Gillies Thomas Hawkins Charles Hendrickson Jess J. Herrera R
19、oger Jacobsen, Chair . Charles Hoe!el William Isberg Herbert Johnson Robert Kimball . Gary Lindland Ron Little ,.McCrae Larry Merrifield Dan Nix Robert Norton Samuel Oklu Denise Roth Pete Sorensen Lou Tauber L. Kay Thompson Charles Todd The following persons were on the balloting committee that appr
20、oved this document for submission to the IEEE Standards Board: L.C. Aicher D. J. Allan B. F. Allen R. Allustiarti R. J. Alton S. J. Antalis E. H. Arjeski J. C. Arnold R. Bancroft P. L. Bellaschi S. Bennon J. J. Bergeron, J. V. Bonnuchl J.D. Borst G. H. Bowers D.J. Cash E. Chitwood 0. R. Compton F. W
21、. Cook, Sr. J. Corkran D. W. Crofts M. G. Daniels D. H. Douglas J. D. Douglass J. C. Dutton J. K. Easley J.A. Ebert R. L. Ensign C. G. Evans P. P. Falkowski H. G. Fischer S. L. Foster M. Frydman H. E. Gabel, Jr. D. A. Gillies R. L. Grubb G. Gunnels, Jr. G. Hall J. H. Harlow T. K. Hawkins F. W. Heinr
22、ichs W. Henning K. R. Highton P. J. Hoefler C. R. Hoesel R.H.Hollister C. C. Honey F. Huber, Jr. C. Hurty G. W. lliff R. G. Jacobsen D. C. Johnson A. J. Jonnatti C. P. Kappeler R. B. Kaufman E. J. Kelly J.J.Kelly W. H. Kennedy A. D, Kline E. Koenig J. G. Lackey. H; F. Light T. G: Lipscomb R. Little
23、. L. W, lAng R. 1. Lowe M. L. Manning H,;B. Margolia J. W. Matthews ;. s. ),fecormkik: J. w; McGill C. J. McMillen W. J.McNutt S. P. Melita . C. K. Miller C. Millian R. E. Minkwitz H. R. Moore R. J. Musil W. H. Mutschler E. T. Norton B.K.Patel H. A. Pearce D.Perco C. A. Robbins L. J. Savio W. E. Sax
24、on V. Shenoy B. E. Smith W. W. Stein L. R. Stensland R. B. Stetson E. G. Strangas L. Swenson A. L. Tanton V. Thenappan R. C. Thomas F. W. Thomason J. A. Thompson J.P. Traub D. E. Truax R. E. Uptegraff G. Vaillancourt R. A. Veitch F. Vogel L. B. Wagenaar J. W. Walton R. J. Whearty A. Wilks W. E. Wren
25、n A. C. Wurdack D. A. Yannucci E.J. Yasuda The final conditions for approval of this guide were met on September 16, 1991. This guide was conditionally approved by the IEEE Standards Board on February 15, 1990, with the following membership: Marco W. Migliaro, Chairman Dennis Bodson, Past Chairman P
26、aul L. Borrill Fletcher J. Buckley Allen L. Clapp James M. Daly Stephen R. Dillon Donald C. Fleckenstein Jay Forster* *Member Emeritus Andrew G. Salem, Secretary Thomas L. Hannan Kenneth D. Hendrix John W. Horch Joseph L. Koepfmger* Michael A. Lawler Donald J. Loughry John E. May, Jr. Lawrence V. Mc
27、Call L. Bruce McClung Donald T. Michael* Stig Nilsson Roy T. Oishi Gary S. Robinson Terrance R. Whittemore Donald W. Zipse Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE Standards Board liaisons: Fernando Aldana Satish K. Aggarwal James Beall Richard B. Engelman Stanley Warshaw Paula M. Kelty IEEE S
28、tandards Department Project Editor The Accredited Standards Committee“ on Transformers; Regulators, and Reactors, C57, that reviewed and approved this documell had the following members at the time of approval: Leo J. Savio, Chair John A. Gauthier, Secretary Organization Represented Name of Represen
29、tative Electric Light and Power Group , . P. E. Orehek S. M. A. Rizvi F. Stevens J. Sullivan J. C. Thompson . M. C. Mingoia (Alt.) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers -“ . J. D. Borst J. Davis J. H. Harlow L. Savio H. D. Smith R. A. Veitch National Electrical Manufacturers Association
30、G. D. Coulter P. Dewever J.D. Douglas A. A. Ghafourian K. R. Linsley R. L. Plaster H. Robin R. E. Uptegraff, Jr. P. J. Hopkinson (Alt.) J. Nay (Alt.) Tennessee Valley Authority . F. A. Lewis Underwriters Laboratories, Inc . W. T. OGrady U.S. Department of Agriculture, REA J. Bohlk U.S. Department of
31、 Energy, Western Area Power Administration D. R. Torgerson U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau ofReclamation . F. W. Cook, Sr. U.S. Department of the Navy, Civil Engineering Corps . H. P. Stickley Contents SECTION PAGE 1. Purpose and Scope . 7 2. List of Terms Applicable to Transformer Loss Eval
32、uation Equations 8 3. Definitions . 9 4. Basic Concept 11 5. Description of Transformer and Reactor Power Losses 11 5.1 Transformers 11 5.2 Reactors . 12 5.2.1 Shunt Reactors 12 5.2.2 Series Reactors 12 5.3 No-Load (Excitation) Losses (NLL) . 12 5.4 Load Losses (LL) . 12 5.5 Auxiliary Power Losses (
33、APL) 12 5.6 Total Power Losses 13 6. Cost Evaluation Methodology 13 6.1 Explanation of Factors , . 13 6.1.1 Efficiency of Transmission (ET), 13 6.1.2 Availability Factor (AF)., 13 6.1.3 Peak Responsibility Factor:(PRF) : 14 6.1.4 Peak-Per-Unit Load (PUL) 14 6.1.5 Tranformer Loading Factor (TLF) 14 6
34、.1.6 Fixed Charge Ra or Caff,ling Charge Rate (FCRG for Generators, 6.1.7 6.1.8 6.1.9 6.1.10 FCRS for Transmission Systems, and FCRT for Transformers) 14 Capital Recovery Factor (CRF) . 14 Increase Factor (lF) u 15 Levelized Total System Irtvestm.ent Cost (LIC) . 15 Levelized Energy Cost CLECNforNo-
35、Load Loss Evaluation, and LECL for Load Loss Evaluation) 16 6.1.11 Levelized Auxiliary Energy Cost for Stage One (LAEC1) 16 6.1.12 Levelized Auxiliary Energy Cost for Stage Two (LAEC2) 16 6.1.13 FOA, FOW Cooling Methods i7 6.2 Loss Cost Rate Formulas 17 6.2.1 No-Load Power Loss Co,t.Rate (NLLCR) . 1
36、7 6.2.2 Load Power Loss Cost Rate (LLCR) 17 6.2.3 Auxiliary Power Loss Cost Rates . 18 6.3 Use of Power Loss Cost Rates . lB 7. Bibliography : 19 APPENDIXES Appendix A-Levelized Energy Costs 21 Appendix B-Example Calculation of Transformer Loss Cost Rates . 25 IEEE Loss Evaluation Guide for Power Tr
37、ansformers and Reactors 1. Purpose and Scope The purpose of this guide is to provide a method of establishing the dollar value of the electric power needed to supply the losses of a transformer or reactor. Users can use this loss evaluation to determine the relative economic benefit of a high-first-
38、cost, low-loss unit versus one with a lower first cost and higher losses. Manufacturers can use the evaluation to optimize the design and provide the roost ecQUomical unit to bid and manufacture. The evaluated cost of losses also enable$ a user pare the offerings of two or more manufacturers to aid
39、in making the bet purchase choice among competing transformers or reactors. Loss evaluation also provides information to a user for establishing the optimum time to retire or replac xisting nits witl IIOdern low-loss transformers or reactors. The user should determine, on a dolN-pe-kilowatt basis, t
40、he sum of the present worth of each kilowatt of losses of a tlsfonlthout its Jife, o:rsome other selected period of time. This figure represents the. roaximultl: amount tha.t can be spent to save a kilowatt of loss. A portion of this evaluated eost can paid to/the manufacturer to reduce losses. Howe
41、ver, this evaluated cost inclUdes other costs asSOciated with owning a more expensive piece of equipment, such as financing cMti, taxes, etc. This guide provides formulas by which the costs of energy, power, and money, and the loading pattern of a transformer can be . converted to dollars-per-kilowa
42、tt values of the transformer losses. These dollars-per-kilowatt figures should .fmlished to the manufacturer when bids are requested. If the f“mal tested vslues of toMes vtTom the manufacturers guaranteed values, economic adjustments may be Mde . Nothing in this guide is mandatxny.:tshold:notbe infe
43、rred from this paper that the methodology described in the following pages is the only valid methodology for computing the cost of transformer losses. Many users have developed their own transformer loss evaluation techniques that are suitable for the intended purpose. The list of terms in Section 2
44、 uses symbols selected for mnemonic effectiveness and might be different from symbols used in other references. 7 IEEE Std C57.120-1991 IEEE LOSS EVALUATION GUIDE FOR 2. List of Terms Applicable to Transformer Loss Evaluation Equations Text Term Unit Symbol Reference Auxiliary loss cost rate of $/kW
45、 ALCR1 6.2.3.1 stage one cooling equipment Auxiliary loss cost rate of $/kW ALCR2 6.2.3.2 stage two cooling equipment Auxiliary power lost in kW APL1 5.5 stage one cooling equipment Auxiliary power lost in kW APL2 5.5 stage two cooling equipment Auxiliary power loss kW APL 5.5 Availability factor AF
46、 6.1.2 Average hours per year for hours (h) AHPY1 5.5 stage one cooling alone Average hours per year for hours (h) AHPY2 5.5 stage two cooling equipment Booklife ,:ears BL Section 4 Capital recovery factor ._ CRF 6.1.7 Carrying charge (see fixed charge rate) Current year energy cost $/kWh CYEC App.B
47、 Efficiency of transmission ;,.; ET 6.1.1 Energy cost inflation rate per year EIR Al. Fixed charge rate (generator) $/$/yr FCRG 6.1.6 Fixed charge rate (transformer) $/$/yr FCRT 6.1.6 Fixed charge rate (transmission systems) $/$/yr FCRS 6.1.6 Generation installation cost $/kW GIC 6.1.9 Increase fact
48、or IF 6.1.8 Levelized auxiliary energy cost $/kW-yr LAEC1 6.1.11 for stage one 8 IEEE POWER TRANSFORMERS AND REACTORS Std. C57.120-1991 Term Unit Symbol Reference Leve1ized auxiliary energy cost $/kW-yr LAEC2 6.1.12 for stage two Levelized energy and operating cost $/kW-yr LECN 6.1.10 LECL 6.1.10 Le
49、velized generation investment cost $/kW-yr LGIC 6.1.9 Levelized total systell) investment cost $/kW-yr LIC 6.1.9 Levelized transmission system $/kW-yr LSIC 6.1.9 investment cost Load Loss (copper or conductor loss) kW LL 5.4 Load loss cost rate $/kW LLCR 6.2.2 No-load loss (iron or core loss) kW NLL 5.3 No-load loss cost rate $/kW NLLCR 6.2.1 Number of years years N 6.1.7 Peak-per-unit load PUL 6.1.4 Peak responsibility factor PRF 6.1.3 Present worth energy and operating
