1、IEEE Std C95.1-2005(Revision of IEEE Std C95.1-1991)IEEE Standard for Safety Levels withRespect to Human Exposure to RadioFrequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHzI E E E3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997, USA19 April 2006Sponsored by theIEEE International Committee on Electromagnetic Sa
2、fety (SCC39)IEEE Std C95.1-2005(Revision of IEEE Std C95.1-1991)IEEE Standard for Safety Levels withRespect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields,3 kHz to 300 GHzSponsorIEEE International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety (SCC39)Approved 3 October 2005IEEE-SA Standards BoardR
3、ecognized as an American National StandardThe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USACopyright 2006 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Published 19 April 2006. Printed in the United States of A
4、merica.IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use canalso be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. Authorization to photocopy portions of any individual standard forinternal o
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6、 USA; +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of anyindividual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center.NOTEAttention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject matter coveredby pate
7、nt rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patentrights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying patents for which a license may be re-quired by an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries into
8、the legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought toits attention.iv Copyright 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved.IntroductionIn 1960, the American Standards Association approved the initiation of the Radiation Hazards Standardsproject under the co-sponsorship of the Department of the Navy a
9、nd the Institute of Electrical and Electron-ics Engineers, Inc. Prior to 1988, C95 standards were developed by Accredited Standards Committee C95,and submitted to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) for approval and issuance as ANSI C95standards. Between 1988 and 1990, the committee was
10、 converted to Standards Coordinating Committee 28(SCC 28) under the sponsorship of the IEEE Standards Board. In 2001, the IEEE Standards AssociationStandards Board approved the name “International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety (ICES)” for SCC28 to better reflect the scope of the committee and
11、its international membership. In accordance with policiesof the IEEE, C95 standards are issued and developed as IEEE standards, as well as submitted to ANSI forrecognition.In 2005, SCC 28 and SCC 34 became Technical Committees 95 and 34, respectively, under a new commit-tee, SCC 39, which is now cal
12、led ICES.The present scope of IEEE ICES is as follows:“Development of standards for the safe use of electromagnetic energy in the range of 0 Hz to 300 GHz rela-tive to the potential hazards of exposure of man, volatile materials, and explosive devices to such energy. Itis not intended to include inf
13、rared, visible, ultraviolet, or ionizing radiation. The committee will coordinatewith other committees whose scopes are contiguous with ICES.”Subcommittee 4 of ICES Technical Committee 95 (TC95) is responsible for this standard. There are fiveTC95 subcommittees, each of whose area of responsibility
14、is described below in correspondence with itsdesignated subcommittee number:1) Techniques, Procedures, and Instrumentation;2) Terminology, Units of Measurements and Hazard Communication;3) Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure, 0-3 kHz;4) Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure, 3 kHz-30
15、0 GHz;5) Safety Levels with Respect to Electro-Explosive Devices.Three standards, three recommended practices and one guide have been issued. Current versions are:IEEE Std 1460-1996 (R2002), IEEE Guide for the Measurement of Quasi-Static Magnetic and ElectricFields.IEEE Std C95.1-2005, IEEE Standard
16、 for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to RadioFrequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz.NOTEThe recommendations in this standard protect against scientifically established adverse health effects in humanbeings resulting from exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields in
17、the frequency range of 3 kHz to 300 GHz.Other effects that have been reported in the literature but have not been confirmed or could not be related to humanhealth have been considered and are discussed in Annex B and Annex C of this standard.IEEE Std C95.2-1999 (R2005), IEEE Standard for Radio-Frequ
18、ency Energy and Current Flow Symbols.IEEE Std C95.3-2002, Recommended Practice for Measurements and Computations of Radio FrequencyElectromagnetic Fields with Respect to Human Exposure to Such Fields, 100 kHz-300 GHz.This introduction is not part of IEEE Std C95.1-2005, IEEE Standard for Safety Leve
19、ls with Respect to HumanExposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz.Copyright 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved. vIEEE Std C95.4-2002, IEEE Recommended Practice for Determining Safe Distances from Radio Fre-quency Transmitting Antennas When Using Electric Blasting Caps During E
20、xplosive Operations.IEEE Std C95.6-2002, IEEE Standard for Safety Levels With Respect to Human Exposure to Electromag-netic Fields, 0-3 kHz.IEEE Std C95.7-2005, IEEE Recommended Practice for Radio Frequency Safety Programs, 3 kHz to 300 GHz.Notice to usersErrataErrata, if any, for this and all other
21、 standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL forerrata periodically.InterpretationsCurrent interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/in
22、dex.html.vi Copyright 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved.ParticipantsThis standard was prepared by Subcommittee 4 (Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure, 3 kHz-300 GHz) of IEEE ICES SCC 28 (now ICES TC-95). The following persons contributed to the developmentof this standard:Chung-Kwang Chou, Co-
23、ChairJohn DAndrea, Co-ChairRonald Petersen, Secretary*DeceasedEleanor AdairMax AmmannVitas AndersonEdward AslanTadeusz BabijWilliam BaileyQuirino BalzanoDavid BaronHoward BassenJohn BergeronDavid BlackDennis BlickRalf BodemannAviva BrecherJerrold BushbergPhilip ChadwickKazuhiku ChikamotoRobert Cleve
24、landJules CohenRoger CoghillRobert CurtisHoward CyrJohn DeFrankAbiy DestaDavid DiniThanh DovanGregor DurrenbergerAmnon DuvdevanyJoe ElderLinda ErdreichAlice Fahy-ElwoodDavid FichtenbergKenneth FosterOm GandhiDavid GeorgeKenneth GettmanMargaret GlaserGeorge GoldbergGregory GorsuchArthur GuyDonald Hae
25、sKonstantinos HalkiotisWayne HammerJames HatfieldJanet HealerDonald HeirmanLouis Heynick*William HurtMichel IsraelVeronica IvansSheila JohnstonKenneth JoynerShaiela KandelKimberly KanterJolanta KarpowiczB Jon KlauenbergNiels KusterSakari LangJohn LeonowichDariusz LeszczynskiJames LinGregory LotzEdwa
26、rd MantiplyPatrick MasonRaymond McKenzieTom McManusMartin MeltzJoeseph MorrisseyMichael MurphyRobert NeedyJohn OsepchukRussell OwenPeter PolsonKenneth ProctorJ Patrick ReillyBrad RobertsTerence RybakTheodoros SamarasVeli SantomaaWilliam ScanlonAsher SheppardDavid SlineyMays SwicordJohn TattersallRic
27、hard TellThomas TenfordePaul TestagrossaArtnarong ThansandoteSanti TofaniDon UmbdenstockEric van RongenArthur VaranelliRobert WellerLouis WilliamsRichard WoodsDone-Sik YooMarvin ZiskinCopyright 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved. viiThe following members of the individual balloting committee voted on th
28、is standard. Balloters may havevoted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. Eleanor AdairMax AmmannReza ArefiQuirino BalzanoDavid BaronHoward BassenJohn BergeronDennis BlickRalf BodemannAviva BrecherJerrold BushbergChung-Kwang ChouRobert ClevelandJules CohenJohn DAndreaJohn DeFrankGuru Dutt Dhing
29、raDavid DiniDavid FichtenbergKenneth FosterKenneth GettmanMargaret (Marne) GlaserArthur W. GuyDonald HaesEdward HareJames HatfieldPhilip HopkinsonMasateru IkehataVeronica IvansSheila JohnstonKenneth JoynerEfthymios KarabetsosJoseph L. KoepfingerSakari LangJohn LeonowichArthur LightMartin L. MeltzAbd
30、ul MousaMichael MurphyMichael NewmanJohn OsepchukRon PetersenPeter PolsonVikram PunjJ Patrick ReillyMarkus RiedererErvin RootVeli SantomaaWilliam ScanlonAsher SheppardMays SwicordRichard TellPaul TestagrossaArtnarong ThansandoteArthur VaranelliDale WattsLouis WilliamsDonald W. Zipseviii Copyright 20
31、06 IEEE. All rights reserved.The following persons were members of ICES SCC 28 (now ICES TC-95) at the time this standard was approved:Ronald Petersen, ChairRalf Bodemann, Vice ChairEleanor Adair, Secretary*DeceasedMelvin AltmanMax AmannVitas AndersonEdward AslanQuirino BalzanoDavid BaronHoward Bass
32、enJohn BavinPascale BellierJohn BergeronDavid BlackDenis BlickAviva BrecherJerrold BushbergPhilip ChadwickScott ChesnickHuai ChiangStephen ChiusanoChung-Kwang ChouRobert ClevelandRoger CoghillJules CohenRobert CurtisJames DalyJohn DAndreaLinda deJagerJohn DeFrankJohn deLorgeDavid DiniGuglielmo dInze
33、oThanh DovanGregor DurrenbergerLeon DuToitLinda ErdreichStewart FastmanWilliam FeeroKenneth FosterPeter GajsekOm GandhiRobert GardnerDavid GeorgeMartino GrandolfoArthur GuyDonald HaesKonstantinos HalkiotisRobert Hanna Edward HareJames HatfieldDonald HeirmanPaul HerouxLouis Heynick*Jeff HolleyMasater
34、o IkehataMichel IsraelVeronica IvansKent JaffaSheila JohnstonKenneth JoynerShaiela KandelEfthymios KarabetsosRaymond KempNam KimJames KingB Jon KlauenbergGeorge KobanJoeseph KoepfingerNiels KusterAnthony LaMastraSakari LangJohn LeonowichDariusz LeszczynskiJames LinConstantine MaletskosNisakorn Manat
35、rakulPatrick MasonStewart MaurerTom McManusJames McNameeMartin MeltzNoel MontgomeryMichael MooreAmitabha MukopadhyayMichael MurphyDavid NelsonKwan-Hoong NgJohn OsepchukAndrei PakhomovWilliam PaulBertil PerssonPaolo RavazzaniJ Patrick ReillyMichael RepacholiBrad RobertsErvin RootTheodoros SamarasVeli
36、 SantomaaHerman Schwan*Willaim ScanlonAsher SheppardJon SirugoJan StolwijkMays SwicordStanislaw SzmigielskiRosa TangJohn TattersallRichard TellThomas TenfordeArtnarong ThansandoteGyorgy ThuroczyTammy UtteridgeEric van RongenArthur VaranelliFemme-MichelWagenaarJoe WiartLouis WilliamsDone-Sik YooDonal
37、d ZipseMarvin ZiskinCopyright 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved. ixWhen the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 3 October 2005, it had the followingmembership:Steve M. Mills, ChairRichard H. Hulett, Vice ChairDon Wright, Past ChairJudith Gorman, Secretary*Member EmeritusAlso included are
38、the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons:Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC RepresentativeRichard DeBlasio, DOE RepresentativeAlan H. Cookson, NIST RepresentativeMike FisherIEEE Standards Project EditorMark D. BowmanDennis B. BrophyJoseph BruderRichard CoxBob DavisJulian Forster*Joanna N. Gueni
39、nMark S. HalpinRaymond HapemanWilliam B. HopfLowell G. JohnsonHerman KochJoseph L. Koepfinger*David J. LawDaleep C. MohlaPaul NikolichT. W. OlsenGlenn ParsonsRonald C. PetersenGary S. RobinsonFrank StoneMalcolm V. ThadenRichard L. TownsendJoe D. WatsonHoward L. Wolfmanx Copyright 2006 IEEE. All righ
40、ts reserved.Contents1. Overview 11.1 Scope 11.2 Purpose. 11.3 Introduction 22. References 43. Definitions, acronyms, abbreviations, and letter symbols . 43.1 Definitions . 43.2 Abbreviations. 123.3 Letter symbols for quantities . 133.4 Unit symbols 144. Recommendations 144.1 Basic restrictions (BRs)
41、 and maximum permissible exposures (MPEs) for 3 kHz 5 MHz 144.2 BRs and MPEs for frequencies between 100 kHz and 3 GHz. 204.3 BRs for frequencies between 3 GHz and 300 GHz . 234.4 MPEs for frequencies between 100 kHz and 300 GHz . 234.5 Suggested limit for contact voltage to protect against RF burns
42、 . 284.6 Relaxation of the power density MPEs for localized exposures . 284.7 Assessing compliance with this standard. 284.8 RF safety programs 29Annex A (informative) Approach to revision of IEEE Std C95.1, 1999 Edition 30Annex B (informative) Identification of levels of RF exposure responsible for
43、 adverse effects: summary of the literature . 34Annex C (informative) Rationale 78Annex D (informative) Practical applicationsexamples 140Annex E (informative) Glossary 150Annex F (informative) Literature database 152Annex G (informative) Bibliography 228Copyright 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved. 1IE
44、EE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz1. Overview1.1 ScopeRecommendations are made to protect against established adverse health effects in human beings associatedwith exposure to electric, magnetic and electromagnetic
45、 fields in the frequency range of 3 kHz to 300 GHz.The recommendations are expressed in terms of basic restrictions (BRs) and maximum permissible exposure(MPE) values. The BRs are limits on internal fields, specific absorption rate (SAR), and current density; theMPEs, which are derived from the BRs,
46、 are limits on external fields and induced and contact current. Therecommendations, which protect against effects associated with electrostimulation and tissue and whole-body heating, are intended to apply to all human exposures except for exposure of patients by, or under thedirection of, physician
47、s and medical professionals. These recommendations are not intended for the purposeof preventing interference with medical and other devices that may exhibit susceptibility to radio frequency(RF) fields. The recommendations at 300 GHz are compatible with existing recommendations for safe expo-sure i
48、n the infrared frequency range, which begins at 300 GHz, cf., ANSI Z136.1-2000 B71, ICNIRPguidelines B63, and IEC 60825-1 B65. IEEE Std C95.6-20022is the applicable standard for use at fre-quencies below 3 kHz. 1.2 PurposeThe purpose of this standard is to provide exposure limits to protect against
49、established adverse effects tohuman health induced by exposure to RF electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields over the frequencyrange of 3 kHz to 300 GHz.1The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex G.2Information on references can be found in Clause 2.IEEEStd C95.1-2005 IEEE STANDARD FOR SAFETY LEVELS WITH RESPECT TO HUMAN EXPOSURE2 Copyright 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved.1.3 IntroductionThis standard is a revision of IEEE Std C95.1, 1999 Edition B70 and IEEE Std C95.1b-2004 B71. Therecommendations to protect
