1、 ANSI N317-1980American National StandardPerformance Criteria for Instrumentation Used for Inplant Plutonium MonitoringSecretariat for N42Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IncSecretariat for N13Health Physics SocietyApproved November 8, 1978Reaffirmed April 30, 1985Reaffirmed March
2、19, 1991American National Standards InstitutePublished byThe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017 Copyright 1980 byThe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IncNo part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an elec
3、tronic retrieval system or otherwise, without theprior written permission of the publisher.iiAmerican National StandardAn American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions.An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manu
4、facturer, the consumer, and the general public.The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved thestandard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures notconforming to the standard. Ame
5、rican National Standards are subject to periodic review and users are cautioned toobtain the latest editions.CAUTION NOTICE:This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures ofthe American National Standards Institute require that action be taken to reafrm, revi
6、se, or withdraw this standard nolater than ve years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive currentinformation on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute.iiiForeword(This Foreword is not a part of ANSI N317-1980 Americ
7、an National Standard Performance Criteria for Instrumentation Used forInplant Plutonium Monitoring.)This standard was prepared under the joint sponsorship of the American National Standards Committee onInstrumentation, N42, and the American National Standards Committee on Radiation Protection, N13.
8、The membersof both N42 and N13 reviewed and approved this standard.The ANSI Committee on Instrumentation, N42, and Radiation Protection, N13, had the following representatives atthe time this standard was approved.American National Standards Committee N42Louis Costrell, Chair D. C. Cook, Recording S
9、ecretarySava I. Sherr, Executive SecretaryAmerican Chemical Society.VacantAmerican Conference of Governmental Industrial HygienistsJesse LiebermanAmerican Industrial Hygiene Association W.H. RayAmerican Nuclear Society .F.W. ManningAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers.P.E. GreenwoodAmerican Soci
10、ety of Safety Engineers (Vacant)Atomic Industrial ForumVacantHealth Physics Society J.B. Horner KuperRobert L. Butenhoff (Alt)Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers .Louis CostrellD.C. Cook (Alt)J. Forster (Alt)P. J. Spurgin (Alt)Instrument Society of America . M.T. SlindJ. E. Kaveckis (A
11、lt)Manufacturing Chemists Association .K.O. JohnsonNational Electrical Manufacturers Association Theodore HamburgerOak Ridge National Laboratory. Frank W. ManningD. J. Knowles (Alt)Scientic Apparatus Makers Association Robert BreenUS Department of Energy, Division of Biomedical and Environmental Res
12、earchHodge R. WassonUS Department of the Army, Materiel Command .Abraham E. CohenUS Defense Civil Preparedness Agency Carl R. Siebentritt, JrUS Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards Louis CostrellUS Naval Research Laboratory. D. C. CookMembers-at-Large.J. G. BellianO. W. BilharzJohn M
13、. Gallagher, JrS. H. HanauerW. C. LipinskiVoss A. MooreR. F. SheaE. J. VallarioivCopyright 1998 IEEE All Rights ReservedDesignation (Variable) HeaderTitleLeft (Variable)American National Standards Institute Committee N13M. E. Wrenn, Chair R. J. Burk, Secretary American Chemical SocietyIra B. Whitney
14、American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. D.E. Van FaroweAmerican Health Physics Society Vernon ChilsonJohn J. Ferry (Alt)American Industrial Hygiene Association . Wilbur SpeicherW. D. Kelly (Alt)American Insurance Association Karl H. CarsonAmerican Mutual Insurance Alliance. Richar
15、d SeelyeAmerican Nuclear Society . Eric T. ClarkeAmerican Occupational Medical Association. William W. Burr, JrAmerican Public Health Association Simon KinsmanGerald S. Parker (Alt)American Society of Mechanical EngineersMonte HankinsAmerican Society for Testing and Materials L. B. GardnerJ. H. Byst
16、rom (Alt)A. H. Tschaeche (Alt)Association of State and Territorial Health Ofcers VacantAtomic Industrial ForumVacantElectric Light and Power Group Marvin K. SullivanJames Sohngen (Alt)Environmental Protection Agency . David SmithInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc .C. D. Wilkerson
17、Institute of Nuclear Materials Management. Kenneth G. OkolowitzInternational Association of Governmental Labor Ofcials Jacqueline MessiteFrank J. Bradley (Alt)International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers .Paul R. ShoopManufacturing Chemist Association, Inc P. W. McDanielPaul Estey (Alt)National B
18、ureau of Standards Thomas P. LoftusNuclear Regulatory Commission Walter CoolJohn B. NehemiasUranium Operators Association .L.W. SwentR. T. Zittling (Alt)Energy Research and Development Administration E. J. VallarioUS Department of LaborJohn P. ONeilG. Walker Daubenspeck (Alt)US Public Health Service
19、. Gail D. SchmidtRobert E. Simpson (Alt)Individual Members William O. ChateldThomas PhilbinHugh F. HenryvThis standard was prepared under the direction of the following subcommittee members:Edward J. Vallario, Chair Joseph BelgianVernon ChilsonEric GeigerRichard GriffithRoy A. ParkerL. M. ScottJohn
20、F. SommersA. N. TschaecheThe Working Group responsible for the development of this standard had the following members:L. G. Faust, Chair G. W. R. Endres* A. J. NardiC. H. JohnsonA. M. Valentine*ConsultantviCLAUSE PAGE1. Introduction.12. Scope.13. Definitions.24. Plutonium Monitoring and Calibration
21、Considerations 25. Instrument Performance Criteria.35.1 Portable Survey Instruments, General Criteria 35.2 Portable Survey Instruments, Specific Criteria 45.3 Fixed Monitoring Instruments . 56. Bibliography7Annex A Plutonium Radiation Parameters (Informative).9Copyright 1980 IEEE All Rights Reserved
22、1American National StandardPerformance Criteria for Instrumentation Used for Inplant Plutonium Monitoring1. IntroductionThe monitoring of plutonium requires special instrumentation considerations in order to achieve optimummeasurement performance. Performance specications consistent with current sta
23、te-of-art instrumentation technologyis provided in this standard and is applicable to plutonium handling and storage facilities, excluding reactors andirradiated fuel reprocessing facilities.2. ScopePerformance criteria for radiation protection instrumentation essential to inplant plutonium monitori
24、ng is dened inthis standard and its appendix. Plutonium radiations are also characterized here. Performance criteria established inthis standard are limited to instruments capable of measuring (1) photon radiations within the energy range of 0.010 to1.25 MeV, (2) neutron radiations within the energy
25、 range from thermal to 10 MeV, and (3) alpha radiations within theemitted energy range of 4.5 to 7.5 MeV.This standard does not apply to the construction of specic instruments nor does it specify instrumentation to beemployed for each survey to be conducted, other than in generic terms. This standar
26、d does not dene specications forpersonnel dosimeters, efuent monitoring systems, or instruments needed in bioassay programs, nor does this standarddene those requirements which may be needed to monitor emergency conditions.Throughout these criteria, two verbs have been used to indicate the degree of
27、 rigor intended by the specic criterion.Shallindicates a minimum criterion that must be met, while shouldindicates a criterion that is recommended as goodpractice and is to be applied when practical.2Copyright 1980 IEEE All Rights ReservedIEEE Std N317-1980 PERFORMANCE CRITERIA FOR3. DefinitionsUse
28、of technical terminology within this standard is generally consistent with the denitions in the American NationalStandard Glossary of Terms in Nuclear Science and Technology, ANSI N1.1-1976 11and ICRU Report 20 1971 2.The following terms are dened specically for use within this standard.accuracy: Th
29、e degree of agreement with the true value of the quantity being measured.calibrate: To determine the response or reading of an instrument relative to a series of known radiation values over therange of the instrument.extracameral response: An instrument response arising from the action of the radiat
30、ion eld on parts of theinstrument other than the intended radiosensitive element.instrument: A complete system designed to quantify a particular type of ionizing radiation.national standard: An instrument, source or other system or device maintained and promulgated as such by the USNational Bureau o
31、f Standards.operating range: The region between the limits within which a quantity is measured.precision: The degree of agreement of repeated measurements of the same property, expressed quantitatively as thestandard deviation computed from the results of the series of measurements.readout: The devi
32、ce that conveys information regarding the measurement to the user.resolution: The minimum detectable change in instrument response.surface contamination: Radioactive material deposited on the surface of facilities (oor surfaces, workbench tops,machines, etc), equipment, or personnel.survey: The exam
33、ination of an area for the purpose of detecting the presence of radioactive materials and determiningthe quantity of that radioactivity.survey contamination control: A survey conducted to determine the presence of unwanted contaminants, normallyconducted with alpha or gamma, or both, sensitive instr
34、uments.survey dose rate: A survey conducted to determine the dose rate at some specied location or area and usuallyconducted with gamma exposure rate survey instruments. Neutron surveys may also be required frequently.4. Plutonium Monitoring and Calibration ConsiderationsThe radiations resulting fro
35、m the radioactive decay of plutoniumare varied and include alpha, beta, gamma, x-rays andneutrons (See Appendix A). An effective monitoring program for plutoniumrequires instruments that are responsive tothese radiations with the exception of the 7 keV beta resulting from the decay of 241Pu.In most
36、instances contamination control surveys require alpha sensitive instruments. Exposure rate surveys wouldnormally be conducted with photon sensitive instruments with known energy responses down to and including 0.010MeV. Neutron surveys become important when processing tens of grams of 238Pu or hundr
37、eds of grams of mixedisotopes of plutonium, particularly plutonium compounds (for example, PuO2, PuF4, etc). This is possibly the onlysurvey of importance when photon shields such as leaded glass are employed. The use of such shields normally stopsall of the charged particles, most of the low energy
38、 photons and essentially none of the neutrons. Under thesecircumstances, neutron radiation is likely to be the major contributor to personnel exposure.Under certain conditions the extremities and forearms of personnel working with plutonium (and other radioactivematerials) in glove boxes are exposed
39、 to the various types of radiations mentioned above. Generally, so-called contact1Numbers in brackets correspond to those in Section 6. of this standard.Copyright 1980 IEEE All Rights Reserved3INSTRUMENTATION USED FOR INPLANT PLUTONIUM MONITORING IEEE Std N317-1980dose ratesare established to contro
40、l the exposure to the workers hands. No such measurement is currently made todetermine the neutron contactdose equivalent rate because there is no suitable instrument available to perform themeasurement. However, an estimate of the neutron dose equivalent could be made and could be added to the othe
41、rmeasurements for exposure control purposes. Californium-252 is suggested for use as the calibration source becauseits neutron energy distribution is similar to that of plutonium metal and PuO23.5. Instrument Performance CriteriaInstrument performance criteria are presented here for portable survey
42、instruments and for xed monitoringinstruments.5.1 Portable Survey Instruments, General CriteriaInplant plutonium monitoring programs consist mainly of airborne and surface contamination surveys and dose ratesurveys. General performance criteria for instrumentation needed to conduct these programs ar
43、e described below.5.1.1 Detection Capability1) Except as otherwise specied in this standard, the overall instrument accuracy shall be within 20% and theprecision within 10% at the 95% condence level for any single measurement. The 20% and 10% guresshall apply over the entire operating range for both
44、 logarithmic and linear scales except that for linear scalesthey need not be better than 5% of full scale.2) Overall instrument response time (0 to 90% of full scale reading), after a 1 min warm-up, shall be 10 s onthe most sensitive ranges and 2 s at readings of 100 mrem/h, 100 mR/h and 500 disinte
45、grations per rain orgreater. This does not preclude the inclusion of variable response time capability. Response time to adecreasing eld (full reading to 10% of original reading) shall be no greater than response times to increasingelds.3) Stability shall be evidenced by the ability of the instrumen
46、t to maintain accuracy and precision for at least 24h of continuous duty after initial warm-up.4) Resolution shall be 4% of full scale for a linear scale and 8% of a reading for log scale with a maximumof two decades per 90 of meter movement.5) Extracameral responses should be undetectable in 1.25 M
47、eV photon elds with an intensity of 20 R/h and 2MeV (Emax) beta elds providing an air dose of 10 rd/h.5.1.2 Readout, Power, and Response Requirements1) The readout should be illuminated to permit use in darkness; luminous or lighted dials should be considered.2) A 10 mV or 1 mA recorder output shoul
48、d be provided for instruments which are to be used with a recorder.3) The instrument should be powered by readily available cells or batteries such as AA, C or D cells or 9 Vbatteries. Compatibility with alkaline, No-Cd or mercury cells should be considered. Provision for operationfrom a standard au
49、tomobile 12 V system and 117 V, 60 Hz, alternating current also should be considered.4) Minimum battery lifetime shall be 200 h of continuous duty operation at an exposure level of 10% of themaximum full scale reading at temperatures above 0 C. Alkaline batteries shall be used for temperaturesbelow 0 C, and the minimum battery lifetime shall be 100 h of continuous operation.5) The instrument shall be equipped with a battery check switch and indicator of battery condition.6) When responding to levels in excess of the maximum range the
