1、ANSI N323D-2002IEEE StandardsN323DAmerican National Standard forInstalled Radiation ProtectionInstrumentationPublished by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA27 January 2003Accredited by the American National Standards InstituteSponso
2、red by theNational Committee on Radiation Instrumentation, N42IEEE StandardsPrint: SH95013PDF: SS95013The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USACopyright 2002 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved.
3、 Published 27 January 2003. Printed in the United States of America.Print: ISBN 0-7381-3343-4 SH95013PDF: ISBN 0-7381-3344-2 SS95013No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission from the publisher.ANSI
4、N323D-2002American National Standard for Installed Radiation Protection InstrumentationSponsorNational Committee on Radiation Instrumentation, N42Accredited by the American National Standards InstituteSecretariatThe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.Approved 3 September 2002Amer
5、ican National Standards InstituteAbstract: Requirements for installed instruments that measure dose, dose rate, and equivalent dose or dose rate and for installed instruments that detect or measure radioactive contamination are established.Keywords: dose, dose equivalent, dose rate, installed instru
6、mentation, instrumentation, radiation, radiation protectionAmerican National StandardAn American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and pro-visions. An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, andthe g
7、eneral public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude any-one, whether he has approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or usingproducts, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are s
8、ubjectto periodic reviews and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions.CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The pro-cedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken to affirm, revise, or with-draw this stan
9、dard no later than five years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American NationalStandards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American NationalStandards Institute.Authorization to photocopy portions of any individual standard for internal or personal
10、 use is granted by theInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., provided that the appropriate fee is paid to CopyrightClearance Center. To arrange for payment of licensing fee, please contact Copyright Clearance Center, Cus-tomer Service, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA; +1-
11、978-750-8400. Permission to photo-copy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through theCopyright Clearance Center.Copyright 2003 IEEE. All rights reserved. iiiIntroduction(This introduction is not part of ANSI N323D-2002, American National Standard f
12、or Installed Radiation ProtectionInstrumentation.)This standard is the responsibility of the Accredited American National Committee on Radiation Instrumen-tation, N42. Committee N42 delegated the development of this standard to Subcommittee N42.RPI. Draftswere reviewed by Committee N42, Subcommittee
13、 N42.RPI, and other interested parties, and the commentsreceived were utilized in producing the standard as finally approved. The standard was approved on N42ballot of 3 September 2002.ParticipantsAt the time Committee N42 approved this standard, it had the following members:Louis Costrell, ChairMic
14、hael P. Unterweger, Vice chairSue Vogel, Administrative SecretaryOrganization Represented Name of RepresentativeAmerican Conference of Governmental Industrial HygienistsJesse LiebermanBicron. Joseph G. BellianConsultant Morgan CoxEberline Instruments Mitchell TruittEntergy Operations Ron SchwartzHea
15、lth Physics Society.Joseph R. StencelInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).Louis CostrellJulian Forster (Alt.)Anthony J. Spurgin (Alt.)Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Edward J. LampoMassachusetts Institute of Technology, Bates Linear Accelerator Center. Frank X. MasseNation
16、al Institute of Standards b) The instruments response to ambient background radiation is characterized and documented;c) The instruments response to ambient background radiation is routinely monitored; andd) Provisions are made for removing the instrument from service if the instruments response to
17、ambi-ent background radiation changes by an amount that cannot be attributed to expected changes in thebackground level.3.6 Enhanced capabilitiesEnhanced capabilities enable an instrument to measure and store background radiation levels for use in thedetermination of net count rate, activity alarm p
18、oints, and problem indication, as well as detector efficienciesANSIINSTALLED RADIATION PROTECTION INSTRUMENTATION N323D-2002Copyright 2003 IEEE. All rights reserved. 7for activity level determination. This type of instrument may also have the capability to compensate forradon and allow the monitorin
19、g of more than one radiation type, such as alpha and beta, simultaneously.Other enhancements may involve the calibration of the instrument. All enhanced capabilities should be eval-uated prior to use for radiation protection.3.7 Special use conditionsIf the instrument is to be used for conditions ot
20、her than the conditions for which it was tested, such as energyrange or environmental conditions, calibration or performance testing for these conditions shall be per-formed. Similarly, if the instrument is physically altered so that the previous calibration and performancetests could be invalidated
21、, calibration and re-testing shall be performed. Where calibration or performancetests are performed under several variables, such as temperature or humidity, only one variable should bevaried while other conditions are held constant.3.8 Instrument repairInstrument repair shall be performed using co
22、mponents that are equivalent to components specified by themanufacturer. Manufacturer-provided repair instructions should be reviewed prior to use. Repair instruc-tions should be developed and reviewed if not provided by the manufacturer. Certain repairs or modifica-tions made using nonequivalent co
23、mponents constitute an instrument modification that may invalidate anypremodification type tests. Repairs and/or modifications shall be evaluated to determine whether type test-ing or calibration is required prior to field operation.4. CalibrationThis clause describes the calibration requirements fo
24、r installed radiation protection instruments. Genericrequirements are discussed, followed by specific requirements for dose rate and contamination instruments.4.1 PrecalibrationPrior to calibrating an instrument, the following actions shall be performed: inspection and responseverification.4.1.1 Ins
25、pectionThe instrument shall be inspected to ensure that its physical condition is acceptable. The inspection shouldinclude visually checking the condition of any external wires or cables, cleanliness, gas supply (when neces-sary), back-up battery, etc.If the instrument has detectors that use thin ma
26、terial as windows, each window should be checked for lightleaks or holes.4.1.2 Response verificationThe response test shall ensure that the radiation response of the instrument has not degraded. The responseof the instrument should be within a tolerance based on the response of the instrument in the
27、 same geometrydetermined shortly after the calibration. If the response test is within tolerance, it shall be permissible toreturn the instrument to operation.ANSIN323D-2002 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD FOR8 Copyright 2003 IEEE. All rights reserved.4.2 CalibrationA calibration shall include adjustment
28、 and/or determination of new readings for each point selected or con-firmation of previously determined responses on the scale or range of interest. Electronic calibration shall beacceptable for some instrument ranges where calibration with a source is impractical provided the electroniccalibration
29、is related to actual exposure data at one or more points.If the instrument uses a digital and analog readout, both readouts should be calibrated. If one or the other isnot calibrated, it shall be noted on the instrument.The response test acceptance range should be established as part of the calibrat
30、ion or as a separate step per-formed as soon as possible after the calibration.The following conditions shall be established prior to exposing the instrument to a source for adjustment andcalibration: The instrument shall be turned on and allowed to stabilize. Electronic adjustments, such as high vo
31、ltage or discriminator thresholds, shall be set to the site ormanufacturers specifications, as applicable.4.2.1 Dose and dose rate4.2.1.1 Linear readoutLinear readout instruments with a single calibration control for all scales shall be adjusted either at the pointrecommended by the manufacturer or
32、at a point within the normal range of use.Instruments with calibration controls for each scale shall be adjusted on each scale. If the instrument uses amenu-selection technique to select a calibration factor, the same principle shall be applied.NOTEIf instruments have ranges that are not calibrated,
33、 a tag shall be attached to the instrument noting the limits ofcalibration.After adjustment, the response shall be checked near the end points of each scale at approximately 20% and80% of full scale or instrument range. Instrument readings shall be within 15% of the conventionally truevalues (CTV) f
34、or the lower point and 10% CTV for the upper point.NOTEFor instruments that have been proven linear through type testing and/or acceptance testing, it is necessary tocheck only the response at the points specified by the manufacturer and at approximately 20% and 80% of the detectorsrange or the user
35、s range of interest. If the full range is not intended for use, the range calibrated shall be noted on theinstrument.4.2.1.2 Logarithmic readoutLogarithmic readout instruments that have a single readout scale spanning several decades normally havetwo or more adjustments. The instrument shall be adju
36、sted according to the users or manufacturers specifi-cations. Alternatively, it shall be permissible to calibrate at points of particular importance to the user if thereasons for the change and impact on accuracy are documented and justified.After adjustment, the response shall be checked at a minim
37、um of one point on each decade and instrumentreadings shall have a maximum deviation from the CTV of no more than 10% of the full decade value. Ifthe display is not marked at intervals corresponding to 10% of the point, it is permissible to use the spacingon the low side of the calibration point to
38、estimate the calibration limit on the high side of the calibrationpoint.ANSIINSTALLED RADIATION PROTECTION INSTRUMENTATION N323D-2002Copyright 2003 IEEE. All rights reserved. 94.2.1.3 Digital readoutDigital instruments shall be calibrated as in 4.2.1.1. If the instrument is designed to autoscale, th
39、e calibrationpoint should be selected far enough from the autoscaling point that autoscaling will not affect the reading.Instruments should be cycled through a complete test of all display segments or indicators either electroni-cally or radiologically.4.2.1.4 Integrating instrumentsInstruments that
40、 integrate dose shall be checked at a minimum of two dose rates at approximately 20% and80% of the stated dose rate range or as recommended by the manufacturer.NOTEIf the full range is not intended for use, the range calibrated shall be noted on the instrument. The integrated dose shall be within 15
41、% of the CTV of the expected dose.For digital instrumentation, the integrate function should be checked to the maximum reading obtainable onthe display or to the maximum level of use. If it is not practical to accomplish a full-scale radiological inte-gration, the instrument shall be checked electro
42、nically to the appropriate maximum integration point withthe lower point checked radiologically. If the instrument is not checked over its entire range, it shall betagged to indicate its limitations of use. See 6.3.3 for more information.4.2.1.5 Neutron dose equivalent instrumentsInstruments designe
43、d to read out in units of neutron dose equivalent, or dose equivalent rate, shall be cali-brated following the guidance found in 4.2.1.1 through 4.2.1.4. The calibration accuracy for ranges from 0 to100 Sv/h or 0 to 100 Sv shall be 30%. The accuracy for ranges from 100 Sv/h or 100 Sv and aboveshall
44、be within 20%.4.2.2 Contamination instrumentsContamination instruments consist of integral or separate detectors and integral or separate counting cir-cuits. A digital or analog readout, or both, can display measured count rates or other information pertinent tothe user. An instrument may consist of
45、 single or multiple detectors that can be calibrated to single or multi-ple radiation types (alpha, beta, and gamma). Enhanced operating features (e.g., active background compen-sation, statistical counting analysis, automatic failure detection) shall be evaluated prior to use to ensureapplicability
46、. Instruments that consist of many detectors with the ability to monitor for many radiation typesare calibrated using the same technique as single-detector, single-radiation contamination instruments.Scintillation detectors shall be checked for light leaks, and air- or gas-proportional detectors sha
47、ll bechecked for holes in the window material prior to calibration. An acceptable background count rate rangeshall be documented and used to test instruments prior to calibration.4.2.2.1 Radiological calibrationThe detectors shall be calibrated using sources traceable to NIST with the resultant info
48、rmation (correctionfactors, efficiency, and geometry limitations) available to the user through an attached tag or other means.Calibration sources should represent the type and energy of radiation that is anticipated. The error associatedwith source counts obtained for detector efficiency determinat
49、ion should be limited to 1% or less, where theerror is equal to the square root of the total counts obtained divided by the total counts obtained.ANSIN323D-2002 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD FOR10 Copyright 2003 IEEE. All rights reserved.When an instrument is used to qualify contamination levels, a minimum of one point on each scale shall becalibrated either electronically or with a source. Correction factors, geometry, or other detector response spe-cifics are not required.When an instrument is used to quantify contamination levels, the counting efficienc
