1、American National StandardDeveloped byfor Information Technology Finger PatternData Interchange FormatINCITS 377-2009INCITS 377-2009INCITS 377-2009Revision ofANSI INCITS 377-2004American National Standardfor Information Technology Finger PatternData Interchange FormatSecretariatInformation Technolog
2、y Industry CouncilApproved June 16, 2009 American National Standards Institute, Inc.AbstractThis is the revised version of Finger Pattern Data Interchange Format, ANSI INCITS 377-2004. This stan-dard specifies an interchange format for the exchange of pattern-based fingerprint recognition data. It d
3、e-scribes the conversion of a raw fingerprint image to a cropped and down-sampled finger pattern followedby the cellular representation of the finger pattern image to create the finger-pattern interchange data.The main points of difference between this revised version and the original standard are t
4、he inclusion oftwo new fields in the Record Header part of the Finger Pattern Data Record. These new fields are calledCapture Equipment Compliance (see 6.2.4.2) and Capture Equipment ID (see 6.2.4.3). The revised stan-dard also describes a method to store (optional) Core and Delta information in the
5、 Extended Data field ofthe Finger Pattern Data record (see 6.3.2.2). The above changes were done to improve the standardsusability from a commercial point of view and also to harmonize it with ANSI INCITS 378-2004, Finger Mi-nutia Format for Data Interchange.Approval of an American National Standard
6、 requires review by ANSI that therequirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval havebeen met by the standards developer.Consensus is established when, in the judgement of the ANSI Board ofStandards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly andmaterially aff
7、ected interests. Substantial agreement means much more thana simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that allviews and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be madetowards their resolution.The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; thei
8、rexistence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approvedthe standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or usingproducts, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards.The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards andwill in no ci
9、rcumstances give an interpretation of any American NationalStandard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue aninterpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the AmericanNational Standards Institute. Requests for interpretations should beaddressed to the secret
10、ariat or sponsor whose name appears on the titlepage of this standard.CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised orwithdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National StandardsInstitute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, orwithdraw this stan
11、dard. Purchasers of American National Standards mayreceive current information on all standards by calling or writing the AmericanNational Standards Institute.American National StandardPublished byAmerican National Standards Institute, Inc.25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036Copyright 2009 by Inf
12、ormation Technology Industry Council (ITI)All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced in anyform, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,without prior written permission of ITI, 1250 Eye Street NW, Washington, DC 20005. Printed in the United States of AmericaCAUTION: Th
13、e developers of this standard have requested that holders of patents that may be re-quired for the implementation of the standard disclose such patents to the publisher. However, nei-ther the developers nor the publisher have undertaken a patent search in order to identify which, ifany, patents may
14、apply to this standard. As of the date of publication of this standard, followingcalls for the identification of patents that may be required for the implementation of the standard,notice of one or more such claims has been received. By publication of this standard, no positionis taken with respect
15、to the validity of this claim or of any rights in connection therewith. The knownpatent holder(s) has (have), however, filed a statement of willingness to grant a license underthese rights on reasonable and nondiscriminatory terms and conditions to applicants desiring to ob-tain such a license. Deta
16、ils may be obtained from the publisher. No further patent search is con-ducted by the developer or publisher in respect to any standard it processes. No representation ismade or implied that this is the only license that may be required to avoid infringement in the use ofthis standard.Contents Forew
17、ord.iii 1 SCOPE 1 2 CONFORMANCE 1 3 NORMATIVE REFERENCES 1 4 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS 1 4.1 BIOMETRIC. 1 4.2 BIOMETRIC ALGORITHM 1 4.3 BIOMETRIC DATA. 2 4.4 BIOMETRIC SAMPLE . 2 4.5 BIOMETRIC SYSTEM . 2 4.6 BIT-DEPTH . 2 4.7 CAPTURE 2 4.8 CELL 2 4.9 CELL STRUCTURE. 2 4.10 CELL QUALITY GROUP. 2 4.11 COM
18、PARISON . 2 4.12 CORE 2 4.13 CROP 2 4.14 DELTA 3 4.15 DIMENSION 3 4.16 DOWN-SAMPLE 3 4.17 ENCRYPTION 3 4.18 ENROLLMENT. 3 4.19 FINGER PATTERN . 3 4.20 FINGER PATTERN INTERCHANGE DATA 3 4.21 MAXIMAL SPATIAL FREQUENCY 3 4.22 PACKED DATA FORMAT . 3 4.23 PAD 3 4.24 RAW FINGERPRINT IMAGE . 3 4.25 BIOMETR
19、IC REFERENCE TEMPLATE . 4 4.26 RESOLUTION 4 4.27 TEMPLATE SIZE 4 5 FINGER PATTERN INTERCHANGE DATA 4 5.1 OVERVIEW . 4 5.2 STEP 1) REDUCTION IN RESOLUTION 4 5.3 STEP 2) CELLULAR REPRESENTATION 5 5.4 QUALITY 7 6 FINGER PATTERN DATA RECORD 7 6.1 INTRODUCTION. 7 6.2 RECORD HEADER . 8 6.3 SINGLE FINGER P
20、ATTERN RECORD FORMAT 11 6.4 SUMMARY OF FINGER PATTERN SPECTRAL DATA RECORD. 16 ANNEX A FINGER PATTERN DATA RECORD EXAMPLE. 18A.1 REDUCTION IN RESOLUTION 18 A.2 CELLULAR REPRESENTATION. 19 i A.3 CELL STRUCTURE. 19 A.4 QUALITY 20 A.5 DATA RECORD . 20 Tables 1 m-Bit Representation of 7 2 Finger Positio
21、n Codes12 3 Finger Impression Type.12 4 Summary of Finger Pattern Data Record.16 Figures 1 Diagram to Illustrate Cellular Representation of Finger Pattern.5 2 Cellular Representation of Finger Pattern.6 3 Example of Cellular Representation of Finger Patterns7 4 Finger Pattern Data Record.8 iiForewor
22、d (This foreword is not part of American National Standard INCITS 377-2009.)This standard is one of a family of American National Standards being developed byINCITS that supports interoperability and data interchange among biometrics appli-cations and systems. This family of standards specifies requ
23、irements that solve thecomplexities of applying biometrics to a wide variety of personal recognition applica-tions, whether such applications operate in an open systems environment or consistof a single, closed system. Open systems are built on standards based, publicly de-fined data formats, interf
24、aces, and protocols to facilitate data interchange and in-teroperability with other systems, which may include components of different designor manufacture. A closed system may also be built on publicly defined standards,and may include components of different design or manufacture, but inherently h
25、asno requirement for data interchange and interoperability with any other system.Biometric data interchange format standards and biometric interface standards areboth necessary to achieve full data interchange and interoperability for biometric rec-ognition in an open systems environment. The INCITS
26、 biometric standards family in-cludes a layered set of standards consisting of biometric data interchange formatsand biometric interfaces, as well as application profiles that describe the use of thesestandards in specific application areas.The biometric data interchange format standards specify bio
27、metric data interchangerecords for different biometric modalities. Parties that agree in advance to exchangebiometric data interchange records as specified in a subset of the INCITS biometricdata interchange format standards should be able to perform biometric recognitionwith each others data. Parti
28、es should also be able to perform biometric recognitioneven without advance agreement on the specific biometric data interchange formatstandards to be used, provided they have built their systems on the layered INCITSfamily of biometric standards.In the interest of implementing interoperable persona
29、l biometric recognition systems,this revised version of ANSI INCITS 377 establishes a data interchange format forpattern-based fingerprint recognition algorithms. Pattern-based algorithms process “global“ sections of biometric images, in contrastto feature-based algorithms, which extract particular
30、features. Pattern-based algo-rithms have been shown to work well with the demanding, but commercially-driven,fingerprint sensor formats such as small-area and swipe sensors. Due to cost andsize considerations, these small-area and swipe fingerprint sensors are desirable fordeployment in portable dev
31、ices such as laptops and PDAs. Implementation of ANSI INCITS 377-2004 revealed that the standard is not in suffi-cient harmony with other relevant national and international standards currently un-der development. It also became clear that harmonizing enhancements (e.g., theinclusion of core and del
32、ta information) could further lead to measurable improve-ments in inter-vendor and inter-system interoperability of verification systems thatuse it. As a result, an amendment project for ANSI INCITS 377-2004 was initiatedwithin the INCITS M1.3 Task Group. Later during this project, the M1.3 Task Gro
33、upcame to believe that the intended interpretive and technical changes would be moreeasily incorporated as a revision to ANSI INCITS 377-2004 rather than a separateamendment project. It was further agreed that the body of work which has been donetowards an amendment will form the basis of the propos
34、ed revision. The main objec-tive of the revision project is to revise certain parts of the standard in order to lead toimproved consistency with other standards as well as better interoperability.iiiRequests for interpretation, suggestions for improvement or addenda, or defect re-ports are welcome.
35、They should be sent to InterNational Committee for InformationTechnology Standards (INCITS), ITI, 1250 Eye Street, NW, Suite 200, Washington,DC 20005.This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by INCITS. Com-mittee approval of this standard does not necessarily imply that all com
36、mittee mem-bers voted for its approval. At the time it approved this standard, INCITS had thefollowing members:Don Wright, ChairJennifer Garner, SecretaryOrganization Represented Name of RepresentativeAdobe Systems, Inc. .Scott FosheeSteve Zilles (Alt.)AIM Global, Inc. Dan MullenCharles Biss (Alt.)A
37、pple Computer, Inc. Kwok LauHelene Workman (Alt.)David Singer (Alt.)Distributed Managment Task ForceTony DiCenzoJeff Hilland (Alt.)Winston Bumpus (Alt.)Electronic Industries Alliance Edward Mikoski, Jr.EMC Corporation Gary RobinsonFarance, Inc. .Frank FaranceTimothy Schoechle (Alt.)Google Zaheda Bho
38、ratRobert Tai (Alt.)GS1 US.Ray DelnickiFrank Sharkey (Alt.)James Chronowski (Alt.)Mary Wilson (Alt.)Hewlett-Packard Company .Paul JeranKaren Higginbottom (Alt.)Scott Jameson (Alt.)IBM CorporationRonald F. SillettiRobert Weir (Alt.)IEEEJudith GormanTerry DeCourcelle (Alt.)Bill Ash (Alt.)Jodie Haasz (
39、Alt.)Bob Labelle (Alt.)Susan Tatiner (Alt.)Intel .Philip WennblomDave Thewlis (Alt.)Grace Wei (Alt.)Lexmark International .Don WrightDwight Lewis (Alt.)Paul Menard (Alt.)Microsoft CorporationJim HughesDave Welsh (Alt.)Mark Ryland (Alt.)National Institute of Standards extracting biometric data from t
40、hat sample; comparing the biometric data with that contained in one or more reference templates; deciding how well they match; and indicating whether or not an identification or verification of identity has been achieved. 4.6 Bit-Depth The number of bits used to represent a data record parameter. 4.
41、7 Capture The method of taking a biometric sample from the end user. 4.8 Cell Subportion of Finger Pattern (see 4.17). 4.9 Cell Structure Structure used to represent the information contents of cell. 4.10 Cell Quality Group The Group of Cells to which the Finger Quality parameter refers. 4.11 Compar
42、ison The process of comparing a biometric sample with a previously stored reference template or templates. 4.12 Core The approximate center of a fingerprint pattern. 4.13 Crop To remove the outer regions of an image. 2 INCITS 377-2009 4.14 Delta A Delta is that point on a ridge at or nearest to the
43、point of divergence of two type lines, and located at or directly in front of the point of divergence. 4.15 Dimension The number of pixels in an acquired biometric sample image, either x- or y-direction. 4.16 Down-sample To reduce the resolution of an image by re-sampling the image. This reduces the
44、 number of pixels accordingly. 4.17 Encryption The act of converting plaintext into cyphertext through the use of an encryption algorithm. 4.18 Enrollment The process of collecting biometric samples from an individual and the subsequent preparation and storage of biometric reference templates. 4.19
45、Finger Pattern Subportion and/or down-sampled version of a raw fingerprint image (see 4.24). 4.20 Finger Pattern Interchange Data Data derived from the Finger Pattern and stored for subsequent matching with a candidate fingerprint. 4.21 Maximal Spatial Frequency The maximal spatial frequency is the
46、(spatial) frequency at which exactly two samples of an image span a complete period of a (co)sinusoidal pattern. This is therefore the maximal spatial frequency that can be supported by a sampling resolution and is known as the Nyquist frequency. 4.22 Packed Data Format Data are stored in a compacte
47、d bit form with no record separators or field tags fields are separated by byte count only. 4.23 Pad To embed an image in a larger array (usually filled with zeroes) to produce a resulting image of greater dimension. 4.24 Raw Fingerprint Image Biometric sample as captured by a fingerprint sensor. Th
48、is raw image will usually retain the full resolution and spatial extent permitted by the sensor. 3 INCITS 377-2009 4.25 Biometric Reference Template Processed Biometric Data stored as representative of the users biometric sample. 4.26 Resolution The number of picture elements (pixels) per unit lengt
49、h in a sampled fingerprint image. Pixels per cm (ppcm) will be used in this standard as the units of resolution. Note that 1 dot per cm (ppcm) 2.54 pixels per inch (ppi). 4.27 Template Size The amount of computer (or storage medium) memory taken up by the biometric reference template. 5 Finger Pattern Interchange Data 5.1 Overview This ANSI INCITS standard for finger pattern interchange data is based
